It appears that the particular term, with its more definite sense, was coined by Heisenberg in the 1950s, while criticizing alternate " interpretations " ( e. g., David Bohm's ) that had been developed.

Heisenberg never used the term collapse, preferring to speak of the wavefunction representing our knowledge of a system, and collapse as the " jumping " of the wavefunction to a new state, representing a " jump " in our knowledge which occurs once a particular phenomenon is registered by the experimenter ( i. e. when an observation takes place ).

Similar interdependencies between two particular measurements and the corresponding operators are the uncertainty relations as first expressed by Heisenberg for the interdependence between measurements of distance and of momentum, and as generalized by Edward Condon, Howard Percy Robertson, and Erwin Schrödinger.

In particular, the non-unitary dynamics are represented by, whereas the unitary dynamics of the state are represented by the usual Heisenberg commutator.

In particular, z is a central element of the Heisenberg Lie algebra.

However, the concepts lead theoretical physicists, in particular Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg and Feynman, to the development of quantum mechanics, and its refinement-quantum field theory.

In the Heisenberg XY spin chain model, the Rényi entropy as a function of α can be calculated explicitly by virtue of the fact that it is an automorphic function with respect to a particular subgroup of the modular group.

In the alternative Heisenberg picture, state vectors are kept constant, at the price of having the operators ( in particular the observables ) be time-dependent.

In the quantum picture of Heisenberg, Schrödinger and others, the Bohr atom number n for each orbital became known as an n-sphere in a three dimensional atom and was pictured as the mean energy of the probability cloud of the electron's wave packet which surrounded the atom.

Bohr was born in Copenhagen in 1922, and grew up surrounded by physicists such as Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg, who were working with his father at the Institute for Theoretical Physics ( now the Niels Bohr Institute ) at the University of Copenhagen.

Some argue that the concept of the collapse of a " real " wave function was introduced by Heisenberg and later developed by John Von Neumann in 1932.

Yukawa had originally named his particle the " mesotron ", but he was corrected by the physicist Werner Heisenberg ( whose father was a professor of Greek at the University of Munich ).

This limitation was first elucidated by Heisenberg through a thought experiment, and is represented mathematically in the new formalism by the non-commutativity of quantum observables.

The physical interpretation of the theory was also clarified in these years after Werner Heisenberg discovered the uncertainty relations and Niels Bohr introduced the idea of complementarity.

To be more precise, already before Schrödinger, the young postdoctoral fellow Werner Heisenberg invented his matrix mechanics, which was the first correct quantum mechanics –– the essential breakthrough.

His instructions were to attend a December 1944 lecture at the Technische Hochschule there by Germany's top nuclear scientist Werner Heisenberg, who was heading their atomic bomb project, to an audience filled with Nazi agents.

Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid-1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli and their collaborators, and the Copenhagen interpretation of Niels Bohr became widely accepted.

Especially since Werner Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 for the creation of quantum mechanics, the role of Max Born in the development of QM has become somewhat confused and overlooked.

This fact was recognized in a paper that Heisenberg himself published in 1940 honoring Max Planck.

The original heuristic argument that such a limit should exist was given by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, after whom it is sometimes named, as the Heisenberg principle.

In 1925 and 1927, Mulliken traveled to Europe, working with outstanding spectroscopists and quantum theorists such as Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A. M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, and Walther Bothe ( all of whom eventually received Nobel Prizes ) and Friedrich Hund, who was at the time Born's assistant.

The founders of quantum mechanics debated the role of the observer, and of them, Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg believed that it was the observer that produced collapse.

The modern quantum mechanical theory, based on the Schrodinger equation, was advanced by Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1926.

The concept of wavefunction collapse was introduced by Werner Heisenberg in his 1927 paper on the uncertainty principle, " Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematic und Mechanik ", and incorporated into the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics by John von Neumann, in his 1932 treatise Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.

The magnetic domain theory of how ferromagnetic cores work was first proposed in 1906 by French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and the detailed modern quantum mechanical theory of ferromagnetism was worked out in the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch and others.

According to an apocryphal story, Werner Heisenberg was asked what he would ask God, given the opportunity.

This was, at first, followed by a heuristic framework devised by Arnold Sommerfeld and Niels Bohr, but this was soon replaced by the quantum mechanics developed by Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrödinger, and Wolfgang Pauli.

This shows that Heisenberg wanted to move the discussion into another area of nuclear weapons, not the technology.

A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time ; this became known as the uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926.

Heisenberg held that the path of a moving particle has no meaning if we cannot observe it, as we cannot with electrons in an atom.

Scientists who accepted his invitation include luminaries such as Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Hendrik Lorentz and Niels Bohr.

The essential concepts of the interpretation were devised by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and others in the years 1924 – 27.

Werner Heisenberg had been an assistant to Niels Bohr at his institute in Copenhagen during part of the 1920s, when they helped originate quantum mechanical theory.

In 1929, Heisenberg gave a series of invited lectures at the University of Chicago explaining the new field of quantum mechanics.

However, no such text exists, apart from some informal popular lectures by Bohr and Heisenberg, which contradict each other on several important issues.

Lectures with the titles ' The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory ' and ' Criticisms and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation ', that Heisenberg delivered in 1955, are reprinted in the collection Physics and Philosophy.

( This is the correspondence principle of Bohr and Heisenberg.

On the other hand, Bohr and Heisenberg were not in complete agreement, and they held different views at different times.

* 1901 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1976 )

Heisenberg explained this as a disturbance caused by measurement.

There must be some unknown mechanism acting on these variables to give rise to the observed effects of " non-commuting quantum observables ", i. e. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Among those directors are Christian Petzold, Thomas Arslan, Valeska Grisebach, Christoph Hochhäusler, Benjamin Heisenberg, Henner Winckler and Angela Schanelec.

* 1927 – German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time.