Here the notion of causality is one of contributory causality as discussed above: If the true value, then a change in will result in a change in y unless some other causative variable ( s ), either included in the regression or implicit in the error term, change in such a way as to exactly offset its effect ; thus a change in is not sufficient to change y.

Here the notion of causality is one of contributory causality: If the true value, then a change in will result in a change in y unless some other causative variable ( s ), either included in the regression or implicit in the error term, change in such a way as to exactly offset its effect ; thus a change in is not sufficient to change y.

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