Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, intercedes and the rebels agree to a settlement.

He also dispatched a papal legate, Igmarus ( or Hincmar ), to England, charged to investigate the request of Bernard, Bishop of St David's, to elevate his see to the rank of Metropolitan bishop, and to take the pallium to William, Archbishop of York.

Another conflict arose between Nicholas and Archbishop Hincmar of Reims: this concerned the prerogatives of the papacy.

From that time on, the advances of the Roman primacy find no serious opponents in France before Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims.

Hincmar refers to this official as a summus cancellarius in De ordine palatii et regni and an 864 charter of King Lothair I refers to Agilmar, Archbishop of Vienne, as archchancellor, a word which also begins appearing in chronicles about that time.

Apparently when the sepulcher containing the body of St. Remi was opened in the reign of Charles the Bald and while Hincmar was the Archbishop of Reims, two small vials were found, the contents of which gave off an aromatic scent the likes of which was like nothing known to those present.

The history of the papal struggle with Hincmar of Reims, which began during Leo's pontificate, belongs properly to that of Nicholas I.

Charles was a prince of education and letters, a friend of the church, and conscious of the support he could find in the episcopate against his unruly nobles, for he chose his councillors from among the higher clergy, as in the case of Guenelon of Sens, who betrayed him, and of Hincmar of Reims.

Frankish bishops had excommunicated Judith, and Hincmar of Reims had taken sides against her, but Nicholas urged leniency in order to protect freedom of marriage.

Its indiscriminate use, permitted to Hincmar of Reims by Leo IV ( 851 ) and to Bruno of Cologne by Agapetus II ( 954 ) was contrary to the general custom.

A Frankish capitulary of 882 and Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, writing about the same time, testify to the extent to which the judicial work of the Frankish Empire had passed into their hands, and one grant of power was followed by another.

In his 9th-century treatise on divorce, Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, listed lamiae among the supernatural dangers that threatened marriages, and identified them with geniciales feminae, female reproductive spirits.

Hincmar ( 806 – December 21, 882 ), archbishop of Reims, the friend, advisor and propagandist of Charles the Bald, was one of the most remarkable figures in the ecclesiastical history of the Carolingian period.

As an expert on government and court ceremonial, an aggressive advocate of ecclesiastical privilege Hincmar took an active part in all the great political and religious affairs of his time, and was especially energetic in defending and extending the rights of the church and of the metropolitans in general, and of the metropolitan of the church of Reims in particular.

Hincmar energetically supported the policy of Charles the Bald in Lorraine, less perhaps from devotion to the king's interests than from a desire to see the whole of the ecclesiastical province of Reims united under the authority of a single, sympathetic sovereign, and in 869 it was he who consecrated Charles at Metz as king of Lorraine.

He was more successful in his contest with his nephew Hincmar, bishop of Laon, who was at first supported both by the king and by his uncle, the archbishop of Reims, but soon quarrelled with both.

ca: Hincmar de Reims

fr: Hincmar de Reims

nl: Hincmar van Reims

He was convicted, however, of heresy, beaten, obliged to swear that he would never again enter the territory of Louis the German, and handed over to Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, who sent him back to his monastery at Orbais.

If a passage in the annals of Hincmar of Reims is genuine and Hincmar has not confused two men, then the bibliothecarius Anastasius is identical with the Roman presbyter Anastasius who in 874 became titular priest of St. Marcellus.

" St. Boniface and later Hincmar of Reims picture most dismally the consequent downfall of church discipline, and though St. Boniface tried zealously and even successfully to reform the Frankish Church, the bestowal of abbeys on secular abbots was not abolished.

A letter congratulating Pope Hormisdas upon his election ( 523 ) is apocryphal, and " the letter in which Pope Hormisdas appears to have appointed him vicar of the kingdom of Clovis is proved to be spurious ; it is presumed to have been an attempt of Hincmar to base his pretensions for the elevation of Reims to the primacy, following the alleged precedent of Remigius.

St Remigius ' relics were kept in the Cathedral of Reims, whence Hincmar had them translated to Épernay during the Viking invasions and thence, in 1099 to the Abbey of Saint-Rémy.

Hincmar, adroitly combined the discovery of these two vials with their unique, unearthly fragrance, the Legend of the Baptism of the Moribund Pagan and the historical memory that St. Remigius had baptized Clovis into a new Legend identifying one of these vials as the actual vial of Chrism used at the baptism of Clovis to create the new Legend of the Sainte Ampoule, ( i. e., that the Chrism used by Remigius when he baptized Clovis was miraculously supplied by heaven itself ) which Hincmar then used to strengthen his claim that his own archepiscopal see of Reims — as the possessor of this heavenly sent Chrism — should therefore be recognized as the divinely chosen site for all subsequent sacre / anointings of French kings.

After a synod held at Soissons, Pope Nicholas I pronounced himself in favour of the deposed clerics, and Hincmar was constrained to make submission ( 866 ).

Finally Pope Nicholas I took up the case, and summoned Hincmar to the council of Metz ( 863 ).

When Hilduin was disgraced in 830 for having joined the party of Lothair I, Hincmar accompanied him into exile at Corvey in Saxony, but returned with him to Saint-Denis when the abbot was reconciled with the emperor, and remained faithful to the emperor during his struggle with his sons.

Although Hincmar had been very hostile to Charles ' expedition into Italy, he figured among his testamentary executors and helped to secure the submission of the nobles to Louis the Stammerer, whom he crowned at Compiègne ( December 8, 877 ).

Hincmar wrote De praedestinatione and De una non trina deitate against his views, but gained little aid from Johannes Scotus Eriugena, whom he had called in as an authority.

Hincmar opposed the appeal to the pope, but eventually had to acknowledge the right of the papacy to take cognizance of important legal causes ( causae majores ) and pass independent judgment upon them.

From the beginning of his episcopate Hincmar was in constant conflict with the clerks who had been ordained by Ebbo during his reappearance.

To Carloman, on his accession in 882, Hincmar addressed his De ordine palatii, partly based on a treatise ( now lost ) by Adalard, abbot of Corbie ( c. 814 ), in which he set forth his system of government and his opinion of the duties of a sovereign, a subject he had already touched in his De regis persona et regio ministerio, dedicated to Charles the Bald at an unknown date, and in his Instructio ad Ludovicum regem, addressed to Louis the Stammerer on his accession in 877.

Flodoard had been given charge of the episcopal archives, and constructed his history out of the original texts, which he generally reproduces in full ; the documents for the period of Hincmar being especially valuable.

Nothing came of this, however, and when Hincmar learned that Gottschalk had fallen ill, he forbade him the sacraments or burial in consecrated ground unless he would recant.

It was in these circumstances that Hincmar succeeded, and in 847 Pope Leo IV sent him the pallium.

To refute the predestinarian heresy Hincmar composed his De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio, and against certain propositions advanced by Gottschalk on the Trinity he wrote a treatise called De una et non trina deitate.

A serious conflict arose between archbishop Hincmar on the one side and Charles and the pope on the other in 876, when Pope John VIII, at the king's request, entrusted Ansegisus, archbishop of Sens, with the primacy of the Gauls and of Germany, and created him vicar apostolic.

At the second synod ( 853 ) the famous four decrees or chapters ( capitula ) drawn up by Hincmar on the predestination question were published.

After the death of Louis the Pious ( 840 ) Hincmar supported Charles the Bald, and received from him the abbacies of Nôtre-Dame at Compiègne and Saint-Germer-de-Fly.

These clerks, whose ordination was regarded as invalid by Hincmar and his adherents, were condemned in 853 at the council of Soissons, and the decisions of that council were confirmed in 855 by Pope Benedict III.