There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States ; 800, 000 in Brazil, whose ancestors were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era ; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the Americas.

They were most commonly applied to nationals of the colonial power, e. g. to distinguish españoles criollos ( people born in the colonies from Spanish ancestors ) from españoles peninsulares ( those born in the Iberian Peninsula, i. e. Spain ).

Both the Darrow and the Eddy farms had deep roots in colonial New England, and several of Darrow's ancestors served in the American Revolution.

Before acquiring different forms of weaponry beginning in the colonial era, Seminole ancestors originally used spears with flint, bone or cane tips, war clubs studded with sharks ' teeth, and bows and arrows.

His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, and Robert " King " Carter, a colonial governor.

Beginning in 1995, the researcher Paul Heinegg has published documentation of numerous families of free people of color in the Upper South, whose ancestors were free in colonial Virginia before the American Revolutionary War.

His historic research found that most such families in the censuses of 1790-1810 in North Carolina and Virginia, including numerous ones now identified as Melungeon ancestors, could be traced to free descendants of unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia.

Their ancestors can generally be traced back to colonial Virginia and the Carolinas.

Over the generations, most individuals of the group called Melungeon were of European and African descent, whose ancestors had been free in colonial Virginia.

Dana was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 1, 1815 into a family that had settled in colonial America in 1640, counting Anne Bradstreet among its ancestors.

Among his colonial Yankee ancestors was Thomas Hastings, who came from the East Anglia region of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634, and Deacon Thomas Parker, who came from England in 1635 and was one of the founders of Reading.

Among his ancestors were Thomas Welles, a colonial Governor of Connecticut, and Increase Sumner, Governor of Massachusetts from 1797 to 1799.

The Melungeons are a group of multiracial families of mostly European and African ancestry whose ancestors were free in colonial Virginia.

Rigby's father and immediate ancestors made a fortune as merchant drapers in the City of London, as merchants and colonial officers in the West Indies, and as speculators in the South Sea Bubble.

Murray Island's most famous resident was trade unionist Eddie Mabo, whose decision to sue the Queensland Government in order to secure ownership of his land, which had been removed from his ancestors by the British colonial powers using the terra nullius legal concept, ultimately led to the High Court of Australia, on appeal from the Supreme Court of the State of Queensland, issue the " Mabo decision " to finally recognise Mabo's rights on his land on 3 June 1992.

His ancestors included William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, Robert " King " Carter of Corotoman, a colonial governor, and Pocahontas, and he was the brother of famed aviator Richard Evelyn Byrd.

The presence among the ancestors of the tribal aristocracy and interaction with the Dutch colonial administration resulted in a special position of Kayeli over the next centuries, who claimed the role of indigenous elite of the island.

Land patents and deeds filed with the colonial administrations of Virginia, North and South Carolina during this period show that individuals now claimed as Lumbee ancestors migrated from Virginia, where they were born, into southern North Carolina in colonial times along the typical routes of migration with other pioneers from Virginia.

Research in court, tax, indenture and other records in Virginia has shown that most of these mixed-race ancestors were free in the colonial years ; the large majority were descendants of free white women ( and the children took their status under the Virginia law of partus sequitur ventrem ) and African men, who were indentured servants, free or slaves.

His family were wealthy colonial settlers whose ancestors had abandoned Georgia during the American Revolution ; Stubbs later described them as " real Tories, the old-fashioned kind ".

Questions about the peopling of colonial America come readily to mind when looking at a book like this -- questions about ancestors, too -- and the answers found here are both challenging and surprising.

Though commonly called " wild ," these horses had domesticated ancestors, claimed in legend to be survivors of a Spanish galleon that shipwrecked along the coast, but possibly just local colonial horses allowed to run loose.

Award-winning researcher Paul Heinegg and Dr. Virginia DeMarce found that ancestors of 80 percent of free people of color ( including individuals on the census later claimed as Lumbee ancestors ) in the 1790 and 1810 censuses on the North Carolina frontier were descended from families of white women and African men, and were free in colonial Virginia because of the mother's status.

Typical tasks included garrisoning the colonies, capturing strategically important territories, and participating in actions to pacify colonial borders, provide support to allied governments, suppress Britain's rivals, and protect against foreign powers and hostile natives.

Options open to poorer cavalry officers in the various European armies included service with less fashionable ( though often highly professional ) frontier or colonial units.

During the sixth and final colonial war, the French and Indian War, the military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: Battle of Fort Beauséjour ; Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ); the Battle of Petitcodiac ; the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ); the Louisbourg Expedition ( 1757 ); Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1757 ); Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ), Petitcodiac River Campaign, Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign ( 1758 ), St. John River Campaign, and Battle of Restigouche.

The social burdens caused by war included the huge war debt, made worse by the loss of France's colonial possessions in North America and the growing commercial dominance of Great Britain.

Subsequent major European colonial empires included the French, Dutch, and British empires.

The original royal charters of the American colonies included broad grants of franchise jurisdiction along with other governmental powers to corporations or individuals, as did the charters for many other colonial companies such as the British East India Company and British South Africa Company.

Before the departure of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan, the population of the city included Hindus and Sikhs, but the community is still present numbering around 250, 000 residents.

The court's opinion made explicit, in its obiter dicta, that the term " militia ", as used in colonial times in this originalist decision, included both the federally-organized militia and the citizen-organized militias of the several States: "... the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people '— those who were male, able-bodied, and within a certain age range " ( 7 ) ...

While Panama had also been included in the Viceroyalty during the colonial period, the Isthmus ' economic and political ties had been much closer, for all practical purposes, to the Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 – 1821 ).

It also rejects any " colonial or territorial status " as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on " respect and dignity between both nations ", and common citizenship.

During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period, the established colonial militia was composed of colonists, which included a number who were loyal to British imperial rule.

The treasure fleets of Spain and Portugal were targeted by their opponents, and colonial outposts were subjected to raids that were often executed by either privateering fleets outfitted for profit by merchants and nobles, or they included a combination of public and private financing of their efforts.

The delegates which included George Washington, then a colonel of the Virginia volunteers, Patrick Henry, and John Adams, were elected by their respective colonial assemblies.

During the colonial era various native groups claimed or settled in the area, resulting in a multi-ethnic mix that included Iroquois, Lenape, Shawnee, and Mingo.

People of this specific ancestry were part of the emancipado population which included other distinct groups assimilated into the local colonial society.

At the time of Malaya's independence from the British in 1957, the population included many first or second-generation immigrants who had come to fill colonial manpower needs as indentured labourers.

The Laing House of Plainfield Plantation, the Benjamin Shotwell House, and the Homestead Farm at Oak Ridge, are buildings from the colonial era included in National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County.

The town of Kings Towne was founded in 1674, by the colonial government, and included the present day towns of North Kingstown, South Kingstown, Exeter, and Narragansett.

A significant part of colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market.

This destruction continued during the Spanish conquest and colonial period, and during 19th century and the early 20th century, and has included quarrying stone for building and railroad construction and target practice by military personnel.

French Union forces included colonial troops from the whole former empire ( Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Laotian, Cambodian, and Vietnamese ethnic minorities ), French professional troops and units of the French Foreign Legion.

Things that particularly galled Samuel Adams included an instruction restricting the meetings of the governor's council, and another limiting the appointment of colonial agents to individuals having the governor's approval.