When religion is seen in terms of " sacred ", " divine ", intensive " valuing ", or " ultimate concern ", then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms ( e. g. Richard Dawkins ) do not necessarily disturb its adherents.

Antirealists point to either the history of science, epistemic morals, the success of false modeling assumptions, or widely termed postmodern criticisms of objectivity as evidence against scientific realisms.

Traditional Chinese medicine's ( TCM ) acupuncture theory predates use of the scientific method, and has received various criticisms based on scientific thinking.

In response to criticisms of the Institute stating that the amendment was a federal education policy requiring inclusion of alternatives to evolution be taught, which it was not, in 2003 intelligent design's three most prominent legislators, John Boehner, Judd Gregg and Santorum provided a letter to the Discovery Institute giving it the go ahead to invoke the amendment as evidence of " Congress's rejection of the idea that students only need to learn about the dominant scientific view of controversial topics ".

Lakoff's 1987 work, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, answered some of these criticisms before they were even made: he explores the effects of cognitive metaphors ( both culturally specific and human-universal ) on the grammar per se of several languages, and the evidence of the limitations of the classical logical-positivist or Anglo-American School philosophical concept of the category usually used to explain or describe the scientific method.

Among the consistent criticisms levelled by Thapar is the Ministry of Environment and Forests ' unwillingness to curb poaching through armed patrols and its refusal to open forests to scholarly scientific enquiry.

One of the primary criticisms of the intelligent design movement and hindrances to intelligent-design claims being considered legitimate science is that intelligent-design proponents have failed to produce supporting research papers published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

Chopra addresses these scientific criticisms in his 2011 book War of the Worldviews-Science vs Spirituality, coauthored with CalTech Professor of Physics Leonard Mlodinow.

There have been heavy criticisms from the scientific and non-religious communities towards the practice ( as is the case of virtually every form of faith healing ), such as that it has been touted as a cure for life-threatening conditions like brain damage, venereal diseases, diabetes and cancer, among others, which can and many times has led to a casualty that might have been avoided or delayed with scientifically proven methods.

" Drug Free Australia has likened the extant criticisms of climate science, where science is alleged to have been manipulated to fit ideological and political ends, to that of its criticisms of the injecting room's scientific evaluations.

In response to criticisms, President Bush in 2006 unveiled a campaign in his State of the Union Address to promote scientific research and education to ensure American competitiveness in the world, vowing to " double the federal commitment to the most critical basic research programs in the physical sciences over the next 10 years.

Although Althusser's Marxist philosophy may repel many people today, his criticisms of the notion of a " neutral science ", which followed the Frankfurt School's criticisms of scientific and technical progress, and his conception of a cumulative although discontinuous " progress " of philosophy represents one of the toughest attempts to conceive a cumulative progress of sciences and philosophy ( both subsumed under the term of " theory ") without falling into a plain scientist optimism about a " continuous and linear necessary progress ".

Other criticisms focus more on scientific and clinical issues.

A number of criticisms have been raised concerning whether the uncanny valley exists as a unified phenomenon amenable to scientific scrutiny:

Common criticisms of reflexology are the lack of evidence for its claimed effects, or of a scientific or demonstrated basis for its theories, of central regulation, accreditation and licensing, or of medical training provided to reflexologists, and the short duration of training programmes.

Physicist Alan Sokal had submitted an article to Social Text titled " Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity ," which proposed that quantum gravity is a linguistic and social construct and that quantum physics supports postmodernist criticisms of scientific objectivity.

Theologian and molecular biophysicist Alister McGrath has a number of criticisms of the Intelligent design movement, stating that " those who adopt this approach make Christianity deeply ... vulnerable to scientific progress " and defining it as just another " god-of-the-gaps " theory.

" Scott pointed out in a second review that " the criticisms of evolution offers are immediately recognizable as originating with the " scientific " creationists ".

In " research notes " in the second edition, Johnson provides answers to most of Gould's criticisms, but acknowledges that his use of " polyploidy " was indeed incorrect, the error having been missed by his " diligent scientific consultants ;" it is corrected in the text.

Scott further states that Johnson lacks familiarity with the specifics and nuances of the field necessary to match the critiques of Darwinism offered by evolutionary biologists, and instead parrots the criticisms made by suspect sources ( scientific creationists ).

Furthermore, critics have maintained that the internal coherence model postliberal theologians assume is difficult to square with developments in modern science which would seem to challenge the tenets of traditional, orthodox Christianity ( e. g. the new physics, or evolution ), yet such criticisms neglect the ways in which the postliberal view of doctrines as depth-grammars ( inscribing the rules of the faith articulated at Nicea and Chalcedon ) provide dynamic ways of relating the truths of faith to truths of scientific discovery.

This has raised some concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto.

Despite such criticisms of Marbury v. Madison, judicial review has been accepted in the American legal community.

Responding to such criticisms are local community groups who seek to collect data, analyze trends and how they might correspond to public perceptions of profiling, and solicit ideas aimed at diminishing cultural and racial biases.

Ryder had written three letters to The Daily Telegraph in April and May 1969 with criticisms of animal experiments, based on incidents he had witnessed in laboratories, and thereafter joined a group of intellectuals and writers in Oxford – the nascent animal rights community, now known as the Oxford Group.

Despite criticisms, there is a movement among feminists that seeks to reclaim cunt not only as acceptable, but as an honorific, in much the same way that queer has been reappropriated by LGBT people and the word nigger has by the black community .< ref >

The criticisms of two centuries earlier were also applied to the Conservative community.

Nowak et al. s criticisms aroused a hostile response from a large section of the evolutionary biology community, including one reply published in Nature with over 100 authors.

Certain specific criticisms are now being accepted by some leaders of the forensic fingerprint community, providing an incentive to improve training and procedures.

One of the most frequent criticisms of the open source community is lack of friendly support for newcomers.

In response to these criticisms, some volunteer-edited directories have adopted wiki technology, to allow broader community participation in editing the directory ( at the risk of introducing lower-quality, less objective entries ).

These actions were considered controversial by the local anime community and have attracted criticisms towards the company, as they are seen by fans as heavy-handed.

One of the criticisms of communism was the allegation that communists practice and propagandize the " community of women ".

Perhaps predictably enough, it could at times deteriorate into merely an occasion for eating and drinking, or for ostentatious displays by the wealthier members of the community, as happened in Corinth, drawing the criticisms of Paul: " I hear that when you come together as a church, there are divisions among you, and to some extent I believe it.

The press has carried vocal criticisms of the present extradition arrangements from the UK's business community, some of whom stated that they were avoiding doing business with or in the U. S. because of legal concerns such as the extradition treaty, among other concerns.

Unlike in Europe scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and they did not form a scholarly community with criticisms and progressive research.

On a more detailed level, Holmes amplified his earlier criticisms of subjective theories of contractual duties ( which grounded obligation in a “ meeting of the minds ” of putatively contracting parties ), offering instead an objective theory ( which acknowledged that judges do and should give meaning to the language employed by the parties “ because of some belief as to the practice of the community or of a class, or because of some opinion as to policy ”).

The college took the criticisms seriously, hiring one of its critics to help open UCC to the broader community.

Murray summarizes Christendom values as: a commitment to hierarchy and the status quo ; the loss of lay involvement ; institutional values rather than community focus ; church at the centre of society rather than the margins ; the use of political power to bring in the Kingdom ; religious compulsion ; punitive rather than restorative justice ; marginalisation of women, the poor, and dissident movements ; inattentiveness to the criticisms of those outraged by the historic association of Christianity with patriarchy, warfare, injustice and patronage ; partiality for respectability and top-down mission ; attractional evangelism ; assuming the Christian story is known ; and a preoccupation with the rich and powerful.

This has, in turn, led to vocal criticisms of these systems within the library community itself, and in recent years to the development of newer ( often termed ' next-generation ') catalogs.

Several, however, interpreted her criticisms as being directed toward the entire community.

Despite his criticisms of the evangelical community, Campolo has also criticized the more liberal mainline Christian denominations because " they fail to emphasize a personal, transforming relationship with Jesus Christ.

The human rights situation in Cambodia is facing growing criticisms both within the country and an increasingly alarmed international community.

Ricker ’ s criticisms and Thompson ’ s subsequent response sparked a major controversy in the fisheries research community.

The film was hailed by critics upon release ; it withstood some criticism from the gay community for not dealing in depth with the difficulties of being openly gay, but even among these criticisms, it was praised for portraying a same-sex relationship in a positive light.