Sir George Cayley is credited as the first person to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight — weight, lift, drag, and thrust — and the relationships between them.

The first was the creation of low-drag, high-lift aerodynamic wings.

A freeflyer, in order to fully understand the aerodynamic power of his / her body in freefall, needs to first learn to control all of the skydiving forms: box position ( belly-to-earth, traditional skydiving position ), back flying ( back-to-earth ), head-up flying, head-down flying, and side flying.

De la Cierva's first three designs ( C. 1, C. 2, and C. 3 ) were unstable because of aerodynamic and structural deficiencies in their rotors.

In the 1930s, under Austrian engineer Hans Ledwinka, his son Erich and German engineer Erich Übelacker and protected by a high tariff and absence of foreign assemblers, Tatra then began building advanced, streamlined cars after obtaining licences from Paul Jaray, which started in 1934 with the large Tatra T77, the world's first production aerodynamic car.

The first ' true spacecraft ' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module, since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space ; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.

" Designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft, he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight: weight, lift, drag, and thrust, which act on any flying vehicle.

The first stage ( S-IB ) also had eight H-1 engines with four gimballed, but the stage had eight fixed fins of equal size fitted to the sides to provide aerodynamic stability.

Airmen like Otto Lilienthal, who introduced cambered airfoils in 1891, used gliders to analyze aerodynamic forces. The Wright brothers were interested in Lilianthal's work and read several of his publications. They also found inspiration in Octave Chanute, an airman and the author of Progress in Flying Machines ( 1894 ). It was the preliminary work of Cayley, Lilienthal, Chanute, and other early aerospace engineers that brought about the first powered sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers.

During this time he built one of the world's first wind tunnels which led to the formation of an aerodynamic laboratory at IMTU.

Lotus was also among the pioneers in Formula One in adding wings and shaping the undersurface of the car to create downforce, as well as the first to move radiators to the sides in the car to aid in aerodynamic performance, and inventing active suspension.

Laminar boundary layer velocity profile The aerodynamic boundary layer was first defined by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented on August 12, 1904 at the third International Congress of Mathematicians in Heidelberg, Germany.

The aerodynamic features of the Sierra were developed from those first seen in the Escort Mark III — the " Aeroback " bootlid stump was proved to reduce the drag coefficient of the bodyshell significantly, which was a class leading Cd0. 34 at its launch, though not as good as the Cd0. 22 of the visually similar Ford Probe III concept car of the previous year, and also behind the contemporary third generation Audi 100 that was unveiled the same year-the first production car to get below the Cd0. 30 barrier with an impressive figure of Cd0. 28.

Lotus used the concept of positive aerodynamic downforce, through the addition of wings, at a Tasman Formula race in early 1968, although Ferrari and Brabham were the first to use them in a Formula One race at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix.

The SFF is relatively unaffected by first generation reactive armor, it can also travel up to, and above 1000 cone diameters ( CDs ) before its velocity becomes ineffective at penetrating armor due to aerodynamic drag, or hitting the target becomes a problem.

These tests successfully demonstrated the air intake operation and validated the modelled aerodynamic characteristics, confirming the configuration for the first flight trials.

The aerodynamic stabilizing qualities of dihedral angle were first described by Sir George Cayley in 1808 – 1809.

Volkswagen's first car under the BlueMotion range is a modified 1. 4-litre VW Polo TDI with longer gear ratios, aerodynamic changes and lightweight alloys with low rolling resistant tyres.

In 1983, granting a 1981 petition from Ford Motor Company, the 44-year-old U. S. headlamp regulations were amended to allow replaceable-bulb, nonstandard-shape, architectural headlamps with aerodynamic lenses that could for the first time be plastic.

This was the first generation of Prelude to have pop-up headlights, which allowed for a more aerodynamic front clip, reducing drag.

Hewitt's first imposture began in 1945 when he selected a famous name from a list of university teachers and used it to apply for a position of an aerodynamic engineer.

While all spaceplanes have used atmospheric lift for the reentry phase, none to date have succeeded in a design that relies on aerodynamic lift for the ascent phase in reaching space ( excluding a mother ship first stage ).

Apart from installing radio gear the Queen also had some aerodynamic modifications to improve stability, however the first couple of pilotless flights came to quick endings as the drones crashed as soon as they left the catapult launcher on HMS Valiant.

You should have a couple of training partners to stand by when you make your first experiments just for safety.

We quickly ran into the same trouble that plagued Bill Ruger in his first experiments: Three or four bullets would be placed well in a six-inch bull at 100 yards and then, unaccountably, one could stray far out of the group.

The reactants for the gas phase experiments were first frozen out in a side-arm attached to the manifold and then allowed to distil slowly into the manifold of pre-cooled reaction cells before sealing off.

In the first few experiments Af was passed through Dowex-2-chloride twice and absorbed twice with 50 - 100 mg sweet clover tissue powder.

When 1 ml of conjugate was passed through a column ( Af ), the first and second milliliter fractions collected were the most specific and gave no nonspecific staining in some experiments, and very little in others.

Although americium was likely produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in late autumn 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley by Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso.

Lavoisier's researches included some of the first truly quantitative chemical experiments.

Lavoisier's experiments supported the law of conservation of mass, which he was the first to state, although Mikhail Lomonosov ( 1711 – 1765 ) had previously expressed similar ideas in 1748 and proved them in experiments.

Celsius was the first to perform and publish careful experiments aiming at the definition of an international temperature scale on scientific grounds.

Although very small amounts of berkelium were possibly produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in December 1949 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and Stanley G. Thompson.

At first the predictions of Einstein's formula were seemingly refuted by a series of experiments by Svedberg in 1906 and 1907, which gave displacements of the particles as 4 to 6 times the predicted value, and by Henri in 1908 who found displacements 3 times greater than Einstein's formula predicted.

Baddeck would be the site of his experiments with hydrofoil technologies as well as the Aerial Experiment Association, financed by his wife, which saw the first powered flight in the British Empire when the AEA Silver Dart took off from the ice-covered waters of Bras d ' Or Lake.

The field of computer music can trace its roots back to the origin of electronic music, and the very first experiments and innovations with electronic instruments at the turn of the 20th century.

In 1716, because of observations of corn varieties, he conducted one of the first recorded experiments with plant hybridization.

The primary goal of these experiments was to measure the angular scale of the first acoustic peak, for which COBE did not have sufficient resolution.

Thales ' experiments with amber rods were the first studies into the production of electrical energy.

Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge.

Griffith's experiment, reported in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, was one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.

Reading a newspaper article describing a gas attack on British forces which he hypothesized had employed chlorine gas, Garner remembered experiments he had performed while teaching at the University of Chicago, thus he set about creating the first gas mask which he tested on two of his associates in a gas filled chamber.

During Hoover's 1907 visit to Australia, Jim Lyster relocated from Gwalia to Broken Hill and began experiments which resulted in the " Lyster Process ", which enabled the Zinc Corporation to operate the world's first selective or differential flotation plant, from September 1912.

Oliphant had performed experiments in which fast deuterons collided with deuteron targets ( incidentally, the first demonstration of nuclear fusion ).

If we should say that no one could possibly know whether water exists a priori, it seems either we cannot know content externalism to be true on the basis of thought experiments or we cannot know what we are thinking without first looking into the world to see what it is like.

During its early days, Id Software produced much more varied games ; these include the early 3D first person shooter experiments that led to Wolfenstein 3D and Doom — Hovertank 3D and Catacomb 3D.