That ... the prisoner had repeatedly maintained, in conversation, that theology was a rhapsody of ill-invented nonsense, patched up partly of the moral doctrines of philosophers, and partly of poetical fictions and extravagant chimeras: That he ridiculed the holy scriptures, calling the Old Testament Ezra's fables, in profane allusion to Esop's Fables ; That he railed on Christ, saying, he had learned magick in Egypt, which enabled him to perform those pranks which were called miracles: That he called the New Testament the history of the imposter Christ ; That he said Moses was the better artist and the better politician ; and he preferred Muhammad to Christ: That the Holy Scriptures were stuffed with such madness, nonsense, and contradictions, that he admired the stupidity of the world in being so long deluded by them: That he rejected the mystery of the Trinity as unworthy of refutation ; and scoffed at the incarnation of Christ.

" In fact, a good deal of the early Christian literature is devoted to the exposure and refutation of unorthodox theology, mystery religions and Gnostic groups.

He also presents an argument against qualia ; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism.

Those who agree with this criticism argue it is a refutation of non-market socialism and that it shows that a fully planned economy could never work.

In contrast to Positivism, which held that statements are meaningless if they cannot be verified or falsified, Popper claimed that falsifiability is merely a special case of the more general notion of criticizability, even though he admitted that empirical refutation is one of the most effective methods by which theories can be criticized.

This type of refutation is valid only if the inference was from one Scripture, not if it was from two Scriptures.

In the words of patriot Benjamin Rush, " The Old Testament is the best refutation that can be given to the divine right of kings, and the strongest argument that can be used in favor of the original and natural equality of all mankind.

# Socrates ' interlocutor asserts a thesis, for example " Courage is endurance of the soul ", which Socrates considers false and targets for refutation.

The phrase ignoratio elenchi is from Latin, and can be roughly translated as " ignorance of refutation ", that is, ignorance of what a refutation could logically be.

Here elenchi is the genitive singular of the Latin noun elenchus, which is from the Greek elenchos, meaning an argument of disproof or refutation.

For the intuitionist, this is not valid ; the refutation of the non-existence does not mean that it is possible to find a construction for the putative object, as is required in order to assert its existence.

Pseudoscience is often characterized by the use of vague, exaggerated or unprovable claims, an over-reliance on confirmation rather than rigorous attempts at refutation, a lack of openness to evaluation by other experts, and a general absence of systematic processes to rationally develop theories.

By and large, good moves in the very earliest stages are determined by whether there is a refutation to a move only and few other truly general considerations aside from what exactly constitutes a refutation.

Ferdinand Christian Baur ( 1792 – 1860 ), founder of the Tübingen School, drew attention to the anti-Pauline characteristic in the Pseudo-Clementines, and pointed out that in the disputations between Simon and Peter, some of the claims Simon is represented as making ( e. g. that of having seen the Lord, though not in his lifetime, yet subsequently in vision ) were really the claims of Paul ; and urged that Peter's refutation of Simon was in some places intended as a polemic against Paul.

An alternative anti-revolutionist view is that science as exemplified by Newton's Principia was anti-mechanist and highly Aristotelian, being specifically directed at the refutation of anti-Aristotelian Cartesian mechanism, as evidenced in the Principia quotations below, and not more empirical than it already was at the beginning of the century or earlier in the works of scientists such as Benedetti, Galileo Galilei, or Johannes Kepler.

The sugya is not punctuated in the conventional sense used in the English language, but by using specific expressions that help to divide the sugya into components, usually including a statement, a question on the statement, an answer, a proof for the answer or a refutation of the answer with its own proof.

* The third of these larger works is a refutation of the iconoclastic synod of 815 ( ed.

The " Prolegomena " is considered a more concise, fair, and thorough refutation of psychologism than the criticisms made by Frege, and also it is considered today by many as being a memorable refutation for its decisive blow to psychologism.

The third essay is devoted to the refutation of the teachings of Karaism and to the history of the development of the oral tradition, the Talmud.

His first book, Kashf al-Asrar ( Uncovering of Secrets ) published in 1942, was a point-by-point refutation of Asrar-e hazar salih ( Secrets of a Thousand Years ), a tract written by a disciple of Iran's leading anti-clerical historian, Ahmad Kasravi.

In 1789 appeared Lettres sur le Divorce, a refutation of a book by Hennet.

The six professors outlined what they considered to be " the current limits of scientifically acceptable investigation of the nervous system " and after criticising the Emerys and their work concluded that the article about the Emerys ' book " reflects upon the standards of brain research done in this University by those who are in it for the sake of finding out how a nervous system really works rather than for the support or refutation of a particular social issue ".

In this book he makes a contemptuous mention of the Ophites in company with the Cainites and Nochaitae ( 8: 20 ) as heretics whose doctrines did not deserve the compliment of serious exposition or refutation.

Its title is an Arabic phrase meaning Book of the Khazars, while the subtitle " The book of refutation and proof on behalf of the most despised religion " shows its purpose and context in medieval Jewish apologetics.

This folktale has been contested ever since antiquity: in 77 AD, Pliny the Elder provides the first surviving refutation in Natural History ( book 10, chapter xxxii: olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus, falso, ut arbitror, aliquot experimentis ), stating: " observation shows that the story that the dying swan sings is false.

* Kitab Radd Awa ' il al-Adilla, a refutation of a Mu ' tazili book

* Radd al-Tahdhib fi al-Jadal, another refutation of a Mu ' tazili book

The Vienna Defence was recommended by Matthias Wahls in his book Modernes Skandinavisch, where he saw it as a refutation of the Blackmar – Diemer Gambit.

The book was reviewed by R. Z. Sheppard in Time magazine, describing Story's book as " a coherent and much-needed refutation of Von Däniken's theories ".

Paul Kraus thought that this part of the book opened with a paragraph praising the intellect in rhymed prose, one sentence of which is to be found in the dais refutation.

In 1863, he wrote a brilliant refutation of Episcopal Bishop John Henry Hopkins ' book The Bible View of Slavery.

The novel is a refutation of the romantic view of the Gaeltacht typical of the early years of the linguistic revival, and an excellent example of Ó Cadhain's dark and scarifying prose.

His chief contribution was in helping structure judicial speeches into various parts: prose, narration, statement of arguments, refutation of opposing arguments, and summary.

Epistula Apostolorum, a little known 2nd century text, which is roughly contemporary with the above work of Irenaeus, seems to have been written as a direct refutation of the teachings of Cerinthus.

In 1589, William Fulke produced a refutation of the Rheims New Testament, setting out the complete Rheims text and notes in parallel columns with those of the Bishops ' Bible.

In 1589, the Protestant scholar William Fulke issued a point by point refutation of the notes of the Rheims New Testament, in which he also printed the biblical text both of Rheims and of the Bishop's Bible in parallel columns.

Origen's refutation of The True Word contained its text, interwoven with Origen's replies.

In refutation of Mayavada ( Mayavada sata dushani ), text 6, ' tat tvam asi " is translated as " you are a servant of the Supreme ( Vishnu )"

The whole text seems to have been intended as a refutation of the teachings of Cerinthus, although " Simon " ( probably Simon Magus ) is also mentioned.

The refutation of the Sharabha legend along with ten other Shaivite legends is discussed in a text by Vijayindra Tirtha called Shaivasarvasvakhandanam.

Since a zombie is defined as physiologically indistinguishable from human beings, even its logical possibility would be a sound refutation of physicalism.

The " quick extinction " in possibility 1 is considered fairly likely in those Doomsday arguments using the number of births as a reference class, but comparing like-for-like we should compare the length of time the DA survives before refutation with the length of time the human race survives before extinction.