His reign saw the appearance of the Institutes of Gaius, an elementary legal manual for beginners ( see Gaius ( jurist )).

His reign saw the incorporation of the County of Urgell, Duchy of Athens, and Duchy of Neopatria into the Crown of Aragon.

Also as Salieri aged he moved slowly away from his more liberal political stances as he saw the enlightened reform of Joseph II's reign, and the hoped for reforms of the French revolution, replaced with more radical revolutionary ideas.

With the Hanoverian accession in Britain onwards, monarchs saw their powers pass further to their ministers, and Royal neutrality in politics became cemented from around the start of the reign of Queen Victoria ( though she had her personal favorites ) and enlargements to the franchise.

Co-emperor alongside his brothers, his short reign saw the beginnings of conflict emerge between the sons of Constantine the Great, and his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture ended up causing his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340.

Domitian firmly believed in the traditional Roman religion, and personally saw to it that ancient customs and morals were observed throughout his reign.

The reign of Alfonso XIII ( 1886 – 1931 ) saw the Spanish-American War of 1898, culminating in the loss of the Philippines plus Spain's last colonies in the Americas, Cuba and Puerto Rico ; the " Great War " in Europe ( now known as World War I, 1914 – 1918 ), although Spain maintained neutrality throughout the conflict ; the influenza pandemic nicknamed the Spanish Flu ( 1918 – 1919 ); and the Rif War in Morocco ( 1920 – 1926 ).

His reign also saw the rise to dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who seized control of the government by military coup in 1923 and ruled as a dictator – with the monarch's support – for seven years ( 1923 – 1930 ).

His reign saw vital developments in legislature and government — in particular the evolution of the English parliament — as well as the ravages of the Black Death.

His reign saw what has been characterised as a " Davidian Revolution ", by which native institutions and personnel were replaced by English and French ones, underpinning the development of later Medieval Scotland.

Henry I was one of the weakest kings of the Franks, and his reign saw the rise of some very powerful nobles such as William the Conqueror.

His reign also saw the launch of the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land, which heavily involved his family although he personally did not support the expedition.

His reign saw the French royal domain and influence greatly expanded.

However, Louis XIV's long reign saw France involved in many wars that drained its treasury.

His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the invasion of Britain in 43 AD.

The first year of Jahangir's reign saw a rebellion organized by his eldest son Khusraw with the assistance of the Sikh Guru Arjun Dev and others.

An aesthete, Jahangir decided to start his reign with a grand display of " Justice ", as he saw it.

His reign saw the establishment of the first military orders, the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar ; the earliest surviving written laws of the kingdom, compiled at the Council of Nablus in 1120 ; and the first commercial treaty with Venice, the Pactum Warmundi, in 1124.

France's exile of the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar in 1953 and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader.

Mehmed III's reign saw no major setbacks for the supposedly declining Ottoman Empire.

Many of the Romans saw the beginning of Otto the 2nd ’ s reign as a glimmer of hope that it might be possible for them to recover their ancient rights and even free themselves from foreign rule.

The reign of Peter I's daughter Elizabeth in 1741 – 62 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 63 ).

Thiele saw this as evidence that the northern kingdom was measuring the years by a non-accession system ( first partial year of reign was counted as year one ), whereas the southern kingdom was using the accession method ( it was counted as year zero ).

The reign of Alfonso II from ( 791-842 ) saw further expansion of the northwest kingdom towards the south and, for a short time, it almost reached Lisbon.

His reign saw the massive migration of native Sinhalese people to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.

Through the steady taxation of Edward III's reign, parliament – and in particular the Commons – gained political influence.

After its dilapidation and disuse during the Yuan Dynasty and Hongwu's reign, the Yongle Emperor had the Grand Canal of China repaired and reopened in order to supply the new capital of Beijing in the north with a steady flow of goods and southern food supplies.

Also known as St. Helen ’ s Pool and Bīr al-Anezīya, it was built during the reign of the caliph Haroun al-Rashid in 789 AD ( the early Islamic period ) to provide Ramla with a steady supply of water.

Given this dismal track record there is no evidence that had Taichang reign lasted any longer than it did, he could have turned around the fortunes of the beleaguered Ming Dynasty after the long steady decline of the latter years of Wanli's reign.

Furthermore, due to a steady balance between population and resources during Catherine ’ s reign, the peasants of the late eighteenth century fared better than their nineteenth century counterparts.

The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90 % pure gold under Chandragupta I ( 319-335 AD ) to a mere 75-80 % under Skandagupta ( 467 AD ).

In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon .“ Christendom is originally a medieval concept steadily to have evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implication practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne ; and the concept let itself to be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world .”

A feasible synopsis of the emerging consensus, may be put forward, namely, that the kingships of Gaels and Picts underwent a process of gradual fusion, starting with Kenneth, and rounded off in the reign of Constantine II.

Near the end of Charlemagne's reign ( and throughout the reigns of his sons and grandsons ), a string of Norse raids began, culminating in a gradual Scandinavian conquest and settlement of the region now known as Normandy.

The renewal of the German alliance remained the principal orientation of Manuel's foreign policy for the rest of his reign, despite the gradual divergence of interests between the two empires after Conrad's death.

His long reign was marked by the gradual dissolution of imperial power amid numerous civil wars and the continuing ascendancy of the Ottoman Turks.

In the final years of John's reign, Portugal's colony of Brazil was just beginning its rapid development as a producer of sugar that compensated for the gradual decline of revenues from Asia, a development that would continue during the reign of his grandson and successor, Sebastian.

This gradual development of the structure was achieved under ten successive generations of descendants of Laurence of Ludlow who lived in the building until the reign of Charles I.

Henry V died in 1422, when his son Henry VI inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year ; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France.

Marko's father, King Vukašin, was the co-ruler alongside Serbian Tsar Stefan Uroš V, whose reign was marked by the weakening of the central authority and the gradual disintegration of the Serbian Empire.

Tutankhamun's nine-year reign, largely under Ay's direction, saw the gradual return of the old gods – and, with that, the restoration of the power of the Amun priesthood, who had lost their influence over Egypt under Akhenaten.

This reduced the Paeonian kingdom ( then ruled by Agis ) to a semi-autonomous, subordinate status, which led to a process of gradual and formal Hellenization of the Paeonians, who began during the reign of Philip II to issue coins with Greek legends like the Macedonian ones.

Ramesses XI's reign was characterized by the gradual disintegration of the Egyptian state.

The reign of Kaliman Asen I is characterized by the gradual weakening of the Bulgarian state.

Soviet cinema played an important part in cultivating the leader's cult of personality: from 1937 and onward, in a gradual process, Stalin's reign was legitimized by depicting him as Vladimir Lenin's most devout follower and by positively presenting historical autocrats-like in Sergei Eisenstein's Ivan the Terrible.

The gradual conquest of surrounding lands by Andrianampoinimerina and his Merina army was opposed by the Sakalava and other clans, who made several attempt to end Andrianampoinimerina's reign.