The source of Einstein's proposal that light was composed of particles ( or could act as particles in some circumstances ) was an experimental anomaly not explained by the wave theory was the photoelectric effect, by which light striking a metal surface ejected electrons from the surface, causing an electric current to flow across an applied voltage.

Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900.

In 1905, Albert Einstein published the theory of the photoelectric effect that firmly established the quantization of light itself.

The theory of the photoelectric effect must explain the experimental observations of the emission of electrons from an illuminated metal surface.

This phenomenon could only be explained via photons, and not through any semi-classical theory ( which could alternatively explain the photoelectric effect ).

In 1905, Albert Einstein provided an explanation of the photoelectric effect, a hitherto troubling experiment that the wave theory of light seemed incapable of explaining.

* 1887 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect that will play a very important role in the development of the quantum theory with Einstein's explanation of this effect in terms of quanta of light.

Another revolutionary development of the twentieth century has been quantum theory, which emerged from the seminal contributions of Max Planck ( on black body radiation ) and Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect.

Just as the photoelectric effect demonstrated the particle nature of light, the Davisson-Germer experiment showed the wave-nature of matter, and completed the theory of wave-particle duality.

These changes began in 1905 with the publication of four papers by Einstein that: explained Brownian motion, introduced the special theory of relativity, and described how the photoelectric effect could be explained by the quantization of light, which helped launch quantum mechanics, and developed E = mc < sup > 2 </ sup >.

Although his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect helped spur the development of quantum mechanics, Einstein himself considered quantum theory, which introduced the concept of uncertainty into the laws of the physical world, incomplete.

* 1905 – Albert Einstein: theory of special relativity, explanation of Brownian motion, and photoelectric effect

The year 1905 has very much been linked to the term " annus mirabilis ," as Albert Einstein made important discoveries concerning the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion and the special theory of relativity.

In its left hand, the figure holds a paper with mathematical equations summarizing three of Einstein's most important scientific contributions: the photoelectric effect, the theory of general relativity, and the equivalence of energy and matter.

Einstein's theories for the photoelectric effect extended the quantum theory which Max Planck had developed in his successful explanation of black body radiation.

In 1905, Albert Einstein published the theory of the photoelectric effect.

The proposed mechanism of chronic nicotine causing desensitisation of nicotinic receptors, thereby leading to an antidepressant effect, is consistent with the theory first proposed over 30 years ago and subsequent research that confirmed excessive acetylcholine activity in the brain leads to depressive symptoms.

Aberrations occur because the simple paraxial theory is not a completely accurate model of the effect of an optical system on light, rather than due to flaws in the optical elements.

In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions, where a small change at one place in a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences to a later state.

A major modification to Noth's theory was made in 1973 by the American scholar Frank M. Cross, to the effect that two editions of the history could be distinguished, the first and more important from the court of king Josiah in the late 7th century, and the second Noth's 6th century Exilic history, and other scholars have detected many more authors / editors than either Noth or Cross allowed for.

The theory describes superconductivity as a microscopic effect caused by a condensation of Cooper pairs into a boson-like state.

* BCS theory correctly predicts the Meissner effect, i. e. the expulsion of a magnetic field from the superconductor and the variation of the penetration depth ( the extent of the screening currents flowing below the metal's surface ) with temperature.

* The BCS theory reproduces the isotope effect, which is the experimental observation that for a given superconducting material, the critical temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the isotope used in the material.

Since the desired effect is computational difficulty, in theory one would choose an algorithm and desired difficulty level, thus decide the key length accordingly.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

The effect on cosmology of the dark energy that these models describe is given by the dark energy's equation of state, which varies depending upon the theory.

( see figure ) The effect was observed to be independent of parameters such as the system size and impurities, and in 1981, theorist Robert Laughlin proposed a theory describing the integer states in terms of a topological invariant called the Chern number.

According to this theory, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence as an effect of stressful life events, and the negative schema is activated later in life when the person encounters similar situations.

The simplest type of ab initio electronic structure calculation is the Hartree – Fock ( HF ) scheme, an extension of molecular orbital theory, in which the correlated electron – electron repulsion is not specifically taken into account ; only its average effect is included in the calculation.

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

Henceforth, conflict theory demonstrates the dominating ideology of the bourgeoisie and Moran's theory highlights that doublespeak produces an illusionary effect ; both theories having parallels to Orwell's ideology in Nineteen Eighty-Four.

In 1905, Einstein explained this puzzle by resurrecting the particle theory of light to explain the observed effect.

Based on this theory some statements, or hypotheses, will be proposed ( e. g., " Listening to vocal music has a negative effect on learning a word list .").

The first explanation, that an effect propagated instantly, across a distance, is in conflict with the theory of relativity.

Thorndike developed the theory of instrumental conditioning or the law of effect.

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

Reactionary theories, for this reason, usually assume some form of organismic theory.

Should Rousseau have been able to leave room in his social theory for the advent of television, atomic energy, and IBM machines??

The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this: ideally, the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory.

The point is that an ethical critic, with an assist from Freud, can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

In the face of a clear judgment from archaeology, therefore, it became impossible for a time for scholars to re-adopt the `` shore settled by '' theory.

A credulousness, a distaste for documentation, an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts, and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public.

The general theory of resonance shifts is used to derive a general expression for the second moment Af of a polycrystalline paramagnetic sample and is specialized to Af.

In theory, compulsive behavior is a way of diminishing anxiety, and one might expect a negative association except for the possibility that for many children the obsessive-compulsive defenses are not sufficient to quell the amount of anxiety they suffer.

According to the theory proposed, this is a consequence of the severe condition of perceived threat that persists unabated for the anxious child in an ambiguous sort of school environment.

The third need is for better theory.

We should expect that general phonologic theory should be as adequate for tone as for consonants and vowels, but it has not been.

This can only be for one of two reasons: either the two are quite different and will require totally different theory ( and hence techniques ), or our existing theories are insufficiently general.

If, as I suspect, the problem is largely of the second sort, then development of a theory better able to handle tone will result automatically in better theory for all phonologic subsystems.

A few of his examples are of very great interest, and the whole discussion of some importance for theory.

What with traders trading for so many different objectives, and what with there being so many unique and individualized market theories and trading techniques in use, and more coming into use all the time, it is hard to imagine how any particular theory or technique could acquire enough `` fans '' to invalidate itself.

Thus while his theory or technique may not be oversubscribed, it is commonplace for bullish and bearish positions to become temporarily over-subscribed.

To find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically, and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery.