Historians Hans Kohn, Liah Greenfeld, Philip White and others have classified nations such as Germany or Italy, where cultural unification preceded state unification, as ethnic nations or ethnic nationalities.

Historians debate if there were any prominent homosexuals and bisexuals at this time, but it is argued that figures such as Edward II, Richard the Lionheart, Philip II Augustus, and William Rufus were engaged in same-sex relationships.

Historians, such as Philip Shaff, have the opinion that: " Irenaeus described a form of Basilideanism which was not the original, but a later corruption of the system.

Historians such as Philip Shaff have the opinion that " Irenaeus described a form of Basilidianism which was not the original, but a later corruption of the system.

Historians have long puzzled over why most Republicans — even fire-eating abolitionists — gradually lost interest in the fate of the Freedmen after 1868.

Historians point out many cuisines based on wheat, such as dumplings and noodles originated from Mesopotamia and gradually spread from there.

Historians agree that this condition improved upon his accession to the throne.

Historians until recently have given Grant's presidency the worst rankings ; however, his reputation has significantly improved because of greater appreciation for his foreign policy and civil rights achievements, particularly: avoiding war with Britain and Spain, the Fifteenth Amendment, persecution of the Ku Klux Klan, enforcement of voting rights, and his Indian Peace Policy.

Historians and gourmets have argued whether it is a genuine creation of the Demoiselles ( sisters ) Tatin, or the branding of an improved version of the " tarte solognotte ", a traditional dish named after the Sologne region which surrounds Lamotte-Beuvron.

Historians have debated about just what kind of " peltasts " were affected by his reforms ; one of the most popular positions is that he improved the performance of the Greek skirmishers so that they would be able to engage in prolonged hand-to-hand fighting as part of the main battle line, while another strong opinion posits that he worked his changes upon the mercenary hoplites that were an important factor in late 5th-and early 4th-century B. C.

Historians have debated about just what kind of " peltasts " were affected by his reforms ; one of the most popular positions is that he improved the performance of the Greek skirmishers so that they would be able to engage in prolonged hand-to-hand fighting as part of the main battle line, while another strong opinion posits that he worked his changes upon the mercenary hoplites that were an important factor in late 5th-and early 4th-century B. C.

Historians have suggested several possible explanations for the German Sonderweg of the 20th century: discreditation of democrats and liberals, their estrangement, and the unfulfilled desire for a nation-state, which had led to separation of the national question from the assertion of civic rights.

Historians and liberation theologians cite the Appeal as an influential political and social document of the 19th century, even though Walker was largely ignored for his contribution to ending slavery in the United States before second half of the 20th century.

Fritz Fischer ( March 5, 1908 – December 1, 1999 ) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. Fischer has been described by The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing as the most important German historian of the 20th century.

Historians of the 19th and 20th centuries — Indian, English and American — agree that the reputation of Ahilyabai Holkar in Malwa and Maharashtra was then, and is, even now, that of a saint.

Historians such as Theodore Mommsen and Bernard Bavant aruge that all Dalmatia was fully romanized and Latin speaking by the 4th century.

Historians widely believe that the widower Thomas Jefferson, both before and during his presidency of the United States in the early 19th century, had an intimate relationship of 38 years with his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings, in such an arrangement, and fathered all of her six children of record.

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

Historians have used it as a primary source because of its wealth of detail on ordinary life in the 17th century, and the many towns and villages which Fox visited.

Historians have emphasised that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century.

Historians believe that parchment craft originated as an art form in Europe during the 15th or 16th century.

Historians believe that nutmeg was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE.

Historians have debated the exact details of the birth of Saint George for over a century, although the approximate date of his death is subject to little debate.

Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th century France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand.

Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society.

Historians have described Pitt as " the greatest British statesman of the eighteenth century.

Historians had nominated one person per century, and for the 12th century John Hudson chose Becket for being " greedy ", " hypocritical ", " founder of gesture politics " and " master of the soundbite ".

Historians of the 19th century invented the term Neoplatonism and applied it to him and his philosophy which was influential in Late Antiquity.

Historians have debated whether the " long depression " of the late 19th century stifled investment, but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions.

Historians have puzzled over Edward's intentions for the succession since William of Malmesbury in the early 12th century.

Historians have identified this place as Saketa, a key Buddhist centre during the 5th century BCE ( it is a widely held belief that Buddha visited Ayodhya on several occasions ) which it remained till the 5th century CE.

Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 19th century.

Historians have identified an early stage of Mantrayana beginning in the 4th century, and argue that assigning the teachings to the historical Buddha is " patently absurd ".

Historians have given a number of years for the establishment of the town since the 16th century.

Historians were critical of the Bastille in the early 19th century, but now believe the fortress to have been a relatively well-administered institution, albeit deeply implicated in the system of French policing and political control during the 18th century.

Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society.

Historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the Seventeen Nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government, with Hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and Jefferson and Madison upholding the latter position.

Historians consider this the decisive factor in convincing Alboin to undertake a migration, even though there are indications that before the war with the Gepids a decision was maturing to leave for Italy, a country thousands of Lombards had seen in the 550s when hired by the Byzantines to fight in the Gothic War.

Thompson formed the Communist Party Historians Group along with Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm, Rodney Hilton, Dona Torr and others.

Historians laud Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals, encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army, coordination with the state governors and state militia units, relations with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and training.

Historians debate whether or not Washington preferred a Fabian strategy to harass the British with quick, sharp attacks followed by a retreat so the larger British army could not catch him, or whether he preferred to fight major battles.

Historians Keith Hopkins and Mary Beard tentatively estimate a total of 400 arenas throughout the Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with a combined total of 8, 000 deaths per annum from all causes, including execution, combat and accident.

Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race ; as well as the study of all history in time.

Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory with 58 % of the vote.

The International Society of Olympic Historians ( ISOH ) is a non-profit organization founded in 1991 with the purpose of promoting and studying the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games.

Historians have criticized Davis for being a much less effective war leader than his Union counterpart Abraham Lincoln, which they attribute to Davis being overbearing, controlling, and overly meddlesome, as well as being out of touch with public opinion, and lacking support from a political party ( since the Confederacy had no political parties ).

Historians have long used the coexistence of these bilingual documents to illustrate their theory that, by 842, the empire had begun splitting into separate proto-countries and developing with different languages and customs.

Historians and archeologists dismiss this modern theory as Gods and goddesses with mythical allegories were usually portrayed, but could this remarkable vase have broken convention, and shown realism in portraiture, known solely on coins of the period, before it, in turn, was broken?

Historians regard him as the darkest figure within the Nazi elite ; Adolf Hitler christened him " the man with the iron heart ".

Historians regard Heydrich as the most fearsome member of the Nazi elite ; Hitler called him " the man with the iron heart ".

Historians have traditionally blamed Rudolf's preoccupation with the arts, occult sciences, and other personal interests as the reason for the political disasters of his reign.

In 1 Samuel 9: 6-20, Samuel is seen as a local “ seer .” The Deuteronomistic Historians preserved this view of Samuel while contributing him as “ the first of prophets to articulate the failure of Israel to live up to its covenant with God .” For the Deuteronomistic Historians, Samuel was extension of Moses and continuing Moses ’ function as a prophet, judge, and a priest which made historical Samuel uncertain.

Historians are in disagreement with how much Jefferson was committed to the anti-slavery cause.

Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing.

Historians note that Washington, " advised, networked, cut deals, made threats, pressured, punished enemies, rewarded friends, greased palms, manipulated the media, signed autographs, read minds with the skill of a master psychologist, strategized, raised money, always knew where the camera was pointing, traveled with an entourage, waved the flag with patriotic speeches, and claimed to have no interest in partisan politics.