The latitude of the North Pole is 90 ° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 ° S. Historically, mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and sight reduction tables to take out error for height of eye and atmospheric refraction.

Historically, the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota people in driving the Kiowa and Comanche south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas.

Historically, the Northern Arrow and other rail lines provided passenger traffic to Petoskey and Bay View, Michigan from as far as Chicago and St. Louis, but these were discontinued in the late 20th century.

Historically, Hutto was not established until 1876 when the International-Great Northern Railroad passed through land owned by James Emory Hutto ( 1824-1914 ), for whom the community is named.

Historically it was an important destination for pilgrims coming from all of Northern Europe.

Historically, Trimble and Mason counties have also been included in " Northern Kentucky ".

Historically, the principal ministers for Irish ( and subsequently Northern Ireland ) affairs in the UK Government and its predecessors were:

Historically, Eastern Catholic Churches were located in Eastern Europe, the Asian Middle East, Northern Africa, and India.

Historically, immigrants who came from the Christian provinces of Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon tended to settle in the Northern part of Lanao while the Maranaos inhabited the south.

Historically, various Gallo-Romance languages were spoken in France, except for some outlying regions ( Corsica, western Brittany, French Basque country, French Flanders, Alsace and part of Lorraine ); the Wallonia region of Belgium ; the Romandy region of Switzerland ; the Channel Islands ; portions of the Spanish Pyrenees ; and in Northern Italy.

Historically the grant for the Northern Neck included all land between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers including far upstream of King George.

Historically the role of Queen's King's Printer extended to other official publishing responsibilities, e. g. the rights to print, publish and import the King James Bible and Book of Common Prayer within England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests.

Historically, Ardrossan has been part of the UK parliament constituencies North Ayrshire ( 1868 – 1918 ), Bute and Northern Ayrshire ( 1918 – 1983 ) and Cunninghame North ( 1983 – 2005 ).

Historically, social informatics research has been strong in the Scandinavian countries, the UK and Northern Europe.

Historically, the Sami inhabited all of Northern Russia, Finland, and Eastern Karelia for a long time, though the Eastern Sami became assimilated into Finnish and Karelian populations after settlers from Häme, Savo, and Karelia migrated into the region.

Historically, the La Spezia-Rimini Line marked a series of isoglosses that distinguished Northern Italian speech from that of Tuscany, home of the standard Italian language.

Historically, social informatics research has been strong in the Scandinavian countries, the UK and Northern Europe.

Historically, Ardrossan has been part of the UK parliament constituencies North Ayrshire ( 1868 – 1918 ), Bute and Northern Ayrshire ( 1918 – 1983 ) and Cunninghame North ( 1983 – 2005 ).

Historically the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the Chaco Austral or Southern Chaco, south of the Bermejo River and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the Pampa region in its southernmost end ; the Chaco Central or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the Pilcomayo River to the north, also now in Argentinian territory ; and the Chaco Boreal or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia.

Historically, Campanário was referred to as the celeiro das conquistas (), due to its importance in the cultivation of cereals that were exported to Northern Africa.

Historically, turf mazes were confined to Northern Europe, especially England, Germany and Denmark.

Historically, they comprised three territories: the Northern Lau Islands, the Southern Lau Islands, and the Moala Islands.

Historically, the alliance was defining and crucial for determining the borders of Brazil, a large Portuguese-speaking territory in South America, which differentiated itself from its Spanish-speaking neighbors as the United Kingdom took an important role in sponsoring Portugal against Spain in that region.

Historically, an example of a semi-periphery would be Spain and Portugal, who fell from their early core position, but still manage to retain influence in Latin America.

Historically is alleged in Portugal as being the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.

Historically it was used in Spain, Portugal and in their colonies, and is still used in Cape Verde to this day.

Historically, it was of particular relevance to sailing warships which used them to outmaneuver opponents when the wind had dropped but might be used by any vessel in confined, shoal water to place it in a more desirable position, provided she had enough manpower.

Historically, MLB had also used a 2-3 format in a best-of-5 series, but is rarely used.

Historically, women's bicycle frames had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat tube instead of the top, resulting in a lower standover height at the expense of compromised structural integrity, since this places a strong bending load in the seat tube, and bicycle frame members are typically weak in bending.

Historically, the Upper Houses each had their own table.

Historically, this proceeded from the labours of Jean de Launoy ( 1603 – 1678 ), " le dénicheur des saints ", and Louis Sébastien le Nain de Tillemont, who had shown the falsity of numerous lives of the saints ; while theologically it was produced by the Port Royal school, which led men to dwell more on communion with God as contrasted with the invocation of the saints.

Historically, cryptography was split into a dichotomy of codes and ciphers ; and coding had its own terminology, analogous to that for ciphers: " encoding, codetext, decoding " and so on.

Historically, the form of the gallery evolved during the 10th century from the increasingly long hallways which had earlier been used to surround the central sanctuary of a temple.

Historically, the church had censured Knapp for deviating at several points from Eddy's teaching, and had refused to publish the work.

Historically, in Canada, whisky that had some rye grain added to the mash bill to give it more flavour came to be called “ rye ”.

Historically, the term originated in the mainframe field, where it had a well-defined meaning, very close to contemporary computer file.

Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor, and countries outside of Europe have generally followed the practice of the European country which had policy influence through modernization or colonialization.

Historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely.

Historically, manual alphabets have had a number of additional applications — including use as ciphers, as mnemonics, and in silent religious settings.

Historically, John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus.

Historically, a marble or limestone edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed was used in Great Britain ; however, by the mid 19th century AD this had changed to either an iron shod stone wheel or a cast iron wheel running on an iron bed.

Historically it has had many definitions, but there are three definitions in current use: the imperial gallon (≈ 4. 546 L ) which since metrication is used colloquially in the United Kingdom and semi-officially within Canada, the United States ( liquid ) gallon (≈ 3. 79 L ), and the lesser used US dry gallon (≈ 4. 40 L ).

Historically, the Indo-European languages had eight morphological cases, though modern languages typically have fewer, using prepositions and word order to convey information that had previously been conveyed using distinct noun forms.

Historically, each of the several hundred small towns of Indiana had its own small school system.

Historically, land owners developed most roads and later Turnpike Trusts collected tolls so that as early as 1800 Ireland had a road network.

Historically, the telephone system on the Isle of Man had been run as a monopoly by the British General Post Office, and later British Telecommunications, and operated as part of the Liverpool telephone district.

Historically the Arvand Roud / Shatt-al-Arab waterway ( called Arvand Roud in Iran and Shatt-al-Arab in Iraq ) and Khuzestan Province was all that remained of their prior holdings in Mesopotamia, which had been lost to Turkey centuries earlier.

Historically, Jamaica has had close ties with the UK, but trade, financial, and cultural relations with the United States are now predominant.