Unsurprisingly, Hobbes concludes that ultimately there is no way to determine this other than the civil power:

Hobbes concludes that the beneficiaries are the churches and churchmen.

In Part III Hobbes seeks to investigate the nature of a Christian commonwealth.

Hobbes named Part IV of his book Kingdom of Darkness.

** Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes

One example is that the Calvin & Hobbes comic strip ( written by Bill Waterson ) includes in its scenario a children's book Hamster Huey & The Gooey Kablooie, and Bill Waterson stated in The Calvin and Hobbes Tenth Anniversary Book that he believed that Hamster Huey & The Gooey Kablooie should remain an undefined story, left to the reader's imagination ; but someone not associated with the strip published Hamster Huey & The Gooey Kablooie in the real world.

One evening Jekyll attends a party at the home of his fiancee Muriel Carew ( Rose Hobart ), the daughter of Brigadier General Sir Danvers Carew ( Halliwell Hobbes ).

One of the first and most famous expositions of universal mechanism is found in the opening passages of the Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes ( 1651 ).

One of the founders of Empiricism, Locke develops a philosophy that is contrary to the one expressed by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, primarily because it supports toleration for various Christian denominations.

One of the few exceptions is Detective Hobbes, which has turned Azazel's ire at the Detective for capturing him into an obsession.

One example of this from popular culture is Calvin of the Calvin and Hobbes comic strip, who often used a cardboard box for imaginative purposes from a " transmogrifier " to a time machine.

It reached its ultimate philosophical statement in notions of `` state will '' put forward by the Germans, especially by Hegel, although political philosophers will recognize its origins in the rejected doctrines of Hobbes.

In early 2010, Watterson was interviewed by The Plain Dealer on the 15th anniversary of the end of Calvin and Hobbes.

* Bill Watterson, creator of beloved ' Calvin and Hobbes ' comic strip looks back with no regrets 2010 interview by John Campanelli, The Plain Dealer

This idea was already rejected as untenable by John Calvin ( 1509 – 1564 ), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.

Some are non-verbal ( Marmaduke, The Angriest Dog in the World ), some have verbal thoughts but are not understood by humans, ( Garfield, Snoopy in Peanuts ), and some can converse with humans ( Bloom County, Calvin and Hobbes, Mutts, Citizen Dog, Buckles, Get Fuzzy, Pearls Before Swine and Pooch Cafe ).

Opus won that same privilege years after Calvin and Hobbes ended, while Wiley Miller circumvented further downsizings by making his Non Sequitur Sunday strip available only in an extremely vertical ( near-page-long ) arrangement.

Classical liberals agreed with Thomas Hobbes that government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.

Other philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier, have argued that the conflicts which arise when people each pursue their own ends can be resolved for the best of each individual only if they all voluntarily forgo some of their aims — that is, one's self-interest is often best pursued by allowing others to pursue their self-interest as well so that liberty is equal among individuals.

When was a " base sycophant " loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.

While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date, and it is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy ( particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes ) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy.

In his treatise Leviathan, ( 1651 ), Hobbes expresses a view of natural law as a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same ; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved.

It is commonly commented that Hobbes ' views about the core of human nature were influenced by his times.

by Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes travel to Mars because the Earth is too polluted.

The fictional game Calvinball, played by the main characters in the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, is sometimes compared to Nomic.

Although he was not always mentioned by name as an inspiration, due to his controversy, he is also thought to have been an influence for other major philosophers, such as Montaigne, Descartes, Hobbes, Locke and Montesquieu.

As used by Thomas Hobbes in his treatises Leviathan and De Cive, natural law is " a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same ; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved.

This classification is comparatively recent ( it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes, for instance ), and dates from the French Revolution era, when those members of the National Assembly who supported the republic, the common people and a secular society sat on the left and supporters of the monarchy, aristocratic privilege and the Church sat on the right.

This concept developed from Rousseau's considerations on the social contract theory of Hobbes, and describes the shared will of a whole citizenry, whose agreement is understood to exist in discussions about the legitimacy of governments and laws.

Hale agreed with Hobbes that the interpretation of the law could not be left to individual reason, and that the law is not an exact science ; the best that can be produced is a set of laws which give a reasonable outcome in the majority of cases.

It suggests a number of laws of nature, although Hobbes is quick to point out that they cannot properly speaking be called " laws ," since there is no one to enforce them.

According to Hobbes the state of nature exists at all times among independent countries, over whom there is no law except for those same precepts or laws of nature ( Leviathan, Chapters XIII, XXX end ).

Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural " liberty ", from natural " laws ", described generally as " a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving his life ; and to omit, that, by which he thinketh it may best be preserved.

In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – " It followeth, that in such a condition, every man has the right to every thing ; even to one another's body.

In 1672, he published his major work, De legibus naturae ( On natural laws ), propounding utilitarianism and opposing the egoistic ethics of Thomas Hobbes.

Hobbes did not deny that there were laws of nature, laws antecedent to government, laws even in a sense eternal and immutable.

If nature cannot err, then there are no paradoxes in it ; to Hobbes, the paradox is a form of the absurd, which is inconsistency: " Natural sense and imagination, are not subject to absurdity " and " For error is but a deception ...

In " The Complete Calvin And Hobbes ," Watterson does not name the inspiration for Calvin's character, but he does say Calvin is named for " a 16th-century theologian who believed in predestination ," and Hobbes for " a 17th-century philosopher with a dim view of human nature.

Rousseau criticized Hobbes for asserting that since man in the " state of nature.

Hobbes has no use for Aristotle's association of nature with human perfection, inverting Aristotle's use of the word " nature.

" Hobbes posits a primitive, unconnected state of nature in which men, having a " natural proclivity ... to hurt each other " also have " a Right to every thing, even to one anothers body "; and " nothing can be Unjust " in this " warre of every man against every man " in which human life is " solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short.

" Rejecting Cicero's view that men join in society primarily through " a certain social spirit which nature has implanted in man ," Hobbes declares that men join in society simply for the purpose of " getting themselves out from that miserable condition of Warre, which is necessarily consequent ... to the naturall Passions of men, when there is no visible Power to keep them in awe.

" Parkin observes that much of Cumberland's material " is derived from Roman Stoicism, particularly from the work of Cicero, as " Cumberland deliberately cast his engagement with Hobbes in the mould of Cicero's debate between the Stoics, who believed that nature could provide an objective morality, and Epicureans, who argued that morality was human, conventional and self-interested.

* John Locke: Like Hobbes, described a social contract theory based on citizens ' fundamental rights in the state of nature.

Both Hobbes and Bodin thought they were defending the power of kings, not advocating democracy, but their arguments about the nature of sovereignty were fiercely resisted by more traditional defenders of the power of kings, like Sir Robert Filmer in England, who thought that such defenses ultimately opened the way to more democratic claims.

Hobbes, a " hard Primitivist ", flatly asserted that life in a state of nature was " solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short " -- a " war of all against all ".

Shaftesbury countered that, contrary to Hobbes, humans in a state of nature were neither good nor bad, but that they possessed a moral sense based on the emotion of sympathy, and that this emotion was the source and foundation of human goodness and benevolence.

According to Lovejoy, Rousseau's basic view of human nature after the emergence of social living is basically identical to that of Hobbes.

The starting point for most social contract theories is a heuristic examination of the human condition absent from any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the “ state of nature ”.

Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights ; Hobbes asserted that men consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchial or parliamentary ); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war ; Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority ; and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self-rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a " state of nature " human life would be " solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short ".

Though the Sovereign's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical, Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature.

According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were " solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short ", a state in which self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the ' social ', or society.

John Locke's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes ' in several fundamental ways, retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state.

This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan ; then, more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties.

The use of the state of nature to imagine the origins of government, as by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, may also be considered a thought experiment.

O ’ Neill believes that Hobbes ( who had instructed Charles in philosophy ) had significant influence on Cavendish ’ s natural philosophy and notes that Cavendish was among the few seventeenth century supporters of Hobbes ’ materialist philosophy, which argued that incorporeal souls do not exist in nature.