* John Bramhall-Defense of True Liberty ; Bramhall, an Anglican divine, begins a correspondence of treatises with Thomas Hobbes

" Thomas Hobbes notoriously reduced the justice of God to " irresistible power " ( drawing the complaint of Bishop Bramhall that this " overturns ... all law ").

John Bramhall, for example, had been a strongly high church theologian, and yet, in exile, he debated willingly with Thomas Hobbes and came into the Restored church as tolerant in practice as he was severe in argument.

Entering the University of Leiden he took his degree in philosophy in 1689, with a dissertation De distinctione mentis a corpore ( on the difference of the mind from the body ), in which he attacked the doctrines of Epicurus, Thomas Hobbes and Spinoza.

Watterson stopped drawing Calvin and Hobbes at the end of 1995 with a short statement to newspaper editors and his readers that he felt he had achieved all he could in the medium.

In " The Complete Calvin And Hobbes ," Watterson does not name the inspiration for Calvin's character, but he does say Calvin is named for " a 16th-century theologian who believed in predestination ," and Hobbes for " a 17th-century philosopher with a dim view of human nature.

Watterson announced the end of Calvin and Hobbes on November 9, 1995, with the following letter to newspaper editors:

Since the conclusion of Calvin and Hobbes, Watterson has taken up painting, at one point drawing landscapes of the woods with his father.

* Bill Watterson, creator of beloved ' Calvin and Hobbes ' comic strip looks back with no regrets 2010 interview by John Campanelli, The Plain Dealer

Some are non-verbal ( Marmaduke, The Angriest Dog in the World ), some have verbal thoughts but are not understood by humans, ( Garfield, Snoopy in Peanuts ), and some can converse with humans ( Bloom County, Calvin and Hobbes, Mutts, Citizen Dog, Buckles, Get Fuzzy, Pearls Before Swine and Pooch Cafe ).

Hedonism, for example, teaches that this feeling is pleasure — either one's own, as in egoism ( the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ), or everyone's, as in universalistic hedonism, or utilitarianism ( the 19th-century English philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick ), with its formula of the " greatest pleasure of the greatest number.

Classical liberals agreed with Thomas Hobbes that government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

When was a " base sycophant " loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.

These were sentiments shared with animals, and whose existence even Hobbes acknowledged.

Hobbes has no use for Aristotle's association of nature with human perfection, inverting Aristotle's use of the word " nature.

" Parkin observes that much of Cumberland's material " is derived from Roman Stoicism, particularly from the work of Cicero, as " Cumberland deliberately cast his engagement with Hobbes in the mould of Cicero's debate between the Stoics, who believed that nature could provide an objective morality, and Epicureans, who argued that morality was human, conventional and self-interested.

* Thomas Hobbes: Generally considered to have first articulated how the concept of a social contract that justifies the actions of rulers ( even where contrary to the individual desires of governed citizens ), can be reconciled with a conception of sovereignty.

He departed from Hobbes in that, based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared, he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property.

In his own words, Hobbes ' reflection began with the idea of " giving to every man his own ," a phrase he drew from the writings of Cicero.

John Locke, on the other hand, who gave us Two Treatises of Government and who did not believe in the divine right of kings either, sided with Aquinas and stood against both Machiavelli and Hobbes by accepting Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal.

Along with a shortened translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric, Hobbes also produced a number of other works on the subject.

Hobbes in particular went further and argued that political power should be justified with reference to the individual, not just to the people understood collectively.

While Hobbes justifies absolute monarchy, this work is the first to posit that the temporal power of a monarch comes about, not because God has ordained that he be monarch, but because his subjects have freely yielded their own power and freedom to him-in other words, Hobbes replaces the divine right of kings with an early formulation of the social contract.

Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights ; Hobbes asserted that men consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government ( whether monarchial or parliamentary ); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war ; Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority ; and Rousseau believed that democracy ( self-rule ) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

Hobbes said :" The Latines called Accounts of mony Rationes ... and thence it seems to proceed that they extended the word Ratio, to the faculty of Reckoning in all other things .... When a man reasoneth hee does nothing else but conceive a summe totall ... For Reason ... is nothing but Reckoning ... of the consequences of generall names agreed upon, for the marking and signifying of our thoughts ...."

Where government does not exist or cannot reach it is often deemed the role of religion to promote prosocial and moral behavior, but this tends to depend on threats of hell-fire ( what Hobbes called " the terror of some power "); such inducements seem more mystical than rational, and philosophers have been hard-pressed to explain why self-interest should yield to morality, why there should be any duty to be " good ".

When communicated, such speech becomes language, and the marks or notes or remembrance are called " Signes " by Hobbes.

It suggests a number of laws of nature, although Hobbes is quick to point out that they cannot properly speaking be called " laws ," since there is no one to enforce them.

Hobbes called this common power, state, Leviathan.

* Lieutenant Thomas F. Hobbes was close to his discharge from the Army when he was called to do one last mission and sent into the virtual reality simulation known as Harsh Realm.

His political position is often compared with that of Thomas Hobbes, but there are also clear differences ; he was also called in his time a Latitudinarian, but this is not something on which modern scholars are agreed.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

Hobbes argues that all of human experience comes from biological processes contained within the body ( see: The Leviathan ).

* Hobbes, Thomas, 1968, Leviathan, C. B. Macpherson ( ed.

In his treatise Leviathan, ( 1651 ), Hobbes expresses a view of natural law as a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same ; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved.

In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James.

As used by Thomas Hobbes in his treatises Leviathan and De Cive, natural law is " a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same ; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved.

The frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( book ) | Leviathan

The frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes ' Leviathan ( book ) | Leviathan, depicting the Sovereign as a massive body wielding a sword and crozier and composed of many individual people.

In medieval times, sovereignty was seen as absoluteness of the state ; this is according to Thomas Hobbes in his text ," Leviathan ".

As Thomas Hobbes wrote in Leviathan:

* Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) English philosopher, who wrote Leviathan, a key text in political philosophy.

But it was part of the method of both alike to eliminate conventional sentiment and morality. In the seventeenth century, the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes, whose Leviathan advocated absolute monarchy, admired Thucydides and in 1628 was the first to translate his writings into English directly from Greek.

In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part.

This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan ; then, more importance was attached to consideration, meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract, and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties.

Thomas Hobbes described the creation of " Markes, or Notes of remembrance " ( Leviathan Ch. 4 ) as speech.

* David Gauthier, The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes ( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969 ).

However, absolute monarchy, theorized by Hobbes in the Leviathan ( 1651 ), remained a dominant principle.

Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War ( 6th century BC ), Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War ( 5th century BC ), Chanakya's Arthashastra ( 4th century BC ), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes ' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration.

Among these are many rare 17th-century manuscripts and an original edition of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan given as a personal gift to the College: Hobbes prepared this work while at Magdalen Hall.

In Leviathan ( 1651 ), Hobbes proposed the foundation political theory that distinguishes between a state of nature where there is no authority and a modern state.

Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ) defined power as a man's " present means, to obtain some future apparent good " ( Leviathan, Ch.

In Protestant England the philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his major work Leviathan denied Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, and identified Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings and Chronicles as having been written long after the events they purported to describe.

, a Latin phrase meaning " the war of all against all ", is the description that Thomas Hobbes gives to human existence in the state of nature thought experiment that he conducts in De Cive ( 1642 ) and Leviathan ( 1651 ).