However, rule consequentialism chooses rules based on the consequences that the selection of those rules have.

However, a similar objection was noted by Thomas Nagel in 1970 who claimed that consequentialism ‘ treats the desires, needs, satisfactions, and dissatisfactions of distinct persons as if they were the desires, etc., of a mass person .’ and even earlier by David Gauthier who wrote that utilitarianism supposes ‘ that mankind is a super-person, whose greatest satisfaction is the objective of moral action.

However, when Walter Sinnott-Armstrong once labeled the theory as " a sophisticated form of negative objective universal public rule consequentialism ", Gert replied that " there may be no point in denying that I am some form of consequentialist ".

However implausible this is, it is certainly the case that Aristotle's rigid separation of action from production, and his justification of the subservience of slaves and others to the virtue – or arete – of a few justified the ideal of aristocracy.

However, in instances an individual director may still bind the company by his acts by virtue of his ostensible authority ( see also: the rule in Turquand's Case ).

However, David E. Fishman, professor of Jewish History at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, states that, whereas the heder and yeshiva, the organs of Jewish education, " were banned by virtue of the law separating church and school, and subjected to tough police and administrative actions ," circumcision was not proscribed by law or suppressed by executive measures.

However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance.

However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of high positions of great importance.

However, some first ladies have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president.

However, most Muslim nations ( except for Turkey ), insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue.

* However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of important positions.

However, in the Slaughter-House Cases ( 1873 ), the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause was limited to " privileges or immunities " granted to citizens by the federal government by virtue of national citizenship.

However, Louisa May Alcott mentioned to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Thoreau's facial hair " will most assuredly deflect amorous advances and preserve the man's virtue in perpetuity.

However, this does not delay the onset of rights and responsibilities of being a Jewish adult which comes about strictly by virtue of age.

However, minimality ( or parsimony ) is not the only logical virtue.

However, the basic premise of a structured ASIC is that both manufacturing cycle time and design cycle time are reduced compared to cell-based ASIC, by virtue of there being pre-defined metal layers ( thus reducing manufacturing time ) and pre-characterization of what is on the silicon ( thus reducing design cycle time ).

" However, where utilitarians focused on reasoning about consequences as the primary tool for reaching happiness, Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue.

In part, “ Galahad ’ s virtue is a compensation for Lancelot ’ s indiscretion .” However Cohen, instead of glorifying Galahad's virtuous character, makes it into a weakness.

However, Socrates adopted a quite radical form of eudaimonism ( see above ): he seems to have thought that virtue is both necessary and sufficient for eudaimonia.

However, it is Aristotle ’ s explicit view that virtue is necessary but not sufficient for eudaimonia.

However, the Stoic concept of arete is much nearer to the Christian conception of virtue, which refers to the moral virtues.

However, unlike Christian understandings of virtue, righteousness or piety, the Stoic conception does not place as great an emphasis on mercy, forgiveness, self-abasement ( i. e. the ritual process of declaring complete powerlessness and humility before God ), charity and self-sacrificial love, though these behaviors / mentalities are not necessarily spurned by the Stoics ( they are spurned by other philosophers of Antiquity ).

However, McGee ( and others who have followed him ) have identified several examples of ideographs or virtue words in Western liberal political discourse, such as “ liberty ,” “ property ,” “ freedom of speech ,” “ religion ,” “ equality ,” and " star.

However, some poets, for example Ogden Nash, make a virtue of writing what appears to be doggerel but is actually clever and entertaining despite its apparent technical faults.

However, the one thing they all agree upon is that morality comes as a result of intrinsic virtues — this is the common link that unites the sometimes disparate normative philosophies into the field known as virtue ethics.

However, where the Greeks focused on the interior orientation of the soul, Confucianism's definition of virtue emphasizes interpersonal relations.

However, he made a virtue out of these disadvantages, shifting unsuitable pilots to staff jobs and always ensuring that he had a squadron or two in reserve.

However, in ethics the issues are most often multifaceted and the best proposed actions address many different areas concurrently.

However, others tend to use the term more broadly to include any topics at the intersection of ethics and psychology ( and philosophy of mind ).

However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a code of ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes.

However, defense attorneys defended Feldman, and two ethics experts said there is absolutely no evidence Westerfield's attorneys committed any violations of the California Rules of Professional Conduct.

However, many adherents of the approach reject the use of the word " secular " as obfuscating and confusing, and consider that the term " secular humanism " has been " demonized by the religious right ... All too often secular humanism is reduced to a sterile outlook consisting of little more than secularism slightly broadened by academic ethics.

However, stable coalitions ( such as that in Germany ) tend to be formed between elections with ' the left ' on social issues, and ' the grassroots right ' on such issues as irresponsible corporate subsidies and public ethics.

However, fansubbers have traditionally held themselves to a common code of ethics and do not commonly see themselves as pirates.

However, considering that they were trained in ethics, this may be a later patriarchal reading into the Wonhwa.

However, the AICPA retains its considerable standards setting, ethics enforcement and firm practice quality monitoring roles for the majority of practicing CPAs, who serve privately held business and individuals.

However, some moral communities, such as the Fellowship of Reason, are secular and advocate a secular ethics.

However the ethics are just ethics, and a route can be climbed in any style so long as it does not monopolize a route or damage the rock if others do not want it modified.

However, he distinguishes it from these concepts as well, since disinformation is often too associated with government, and propaganda is a widely varying concept used to describe attempts to control opinion without regard for ethics and accuracy of statement.

However, the stages become problematic when Lawrence Kohlberg posits a universal ethics-that is, a disembodied ethics.

However, according to the net financial assets measurement used for some specific applications ( such as evaluating an investor's expected tolerance for risk for stockbroker ethics ), equity in one's principal residence is excluded, as are lifestyle assets, such as the car and furniture.

However the Marquis de Sade offered a wholly different view-which is that pain itself has an ethics, and that pursuit of pain, or imposing it, may be just as useful and just as pleasurable, and that this indeed is the purpose of the state-to indulge the desire to inflict pain in revenge, for instance, via the law ( in his time most punishment was in fact the dealing out of pain ).

However, it would have been a further source of questionable ethics.

However ethics is about how individuals should best live, while the study of politics is from the perspective of a law-giver, looking at the good of a whole community.

However, the early 21st century saw a tremendous upsurge in interest in the ethics of neuroscience, as evidenced by numerous meetings, publications and organizations dedicated to this topic.

However, Billy chooses a question for Eric about " business ethics ", which ironically Eric knows nothing about and breaks down becausse he can't give an answer.

However, at many other areas, local ethics absolutely forbid this.

However, he has also written extensively on philosophical topics such as John Dewey, Kant and ethics.

However, because of the role horses have played as companions and as workers, and concerns about the ethics of the horse slaughter process, it is a taboo food in some cultures.