However, the hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and a positive hydrogen ion has no electrons.

However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

However, if the excited atom has been previously ionized, in particular if one of its inner shell electrons has been removed, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the quantity of energy is transferred to one of the bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum.

However, the idea that electrons might revolve around a compact nucleus with definite angular momentum was convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier by Niels Bohr, and the Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka published an orbit-based hypothesis for electronic behavior as early as 1904.

However, this did not explain similarities between different atoms, as expressed by the periodic table, such as the fact that helium ( 2 electrons ), neon ( 10 electrons ), and argon ( 18 electrons ) exhibit similar chemical behavior.

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown.

However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission.

However, as the temperature of a semiconductor rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band.

However, the electrons do not arrive at the screen in any predictable order.

However, it is not clear what should be considered to be valence electrons for the d-and f-block elements, which leads to an ambiguity for their electronegativities calculated by the Allen method.

However, most chemists followed Kekulé's lead in pursuing and developing what some have called " classical " structure theory, which was modified after the discovery of electrons ( 1897 ) and the development of quantum mechanics ( in the 1920s ).

However in materials with a filled electron shell, the total dipole moment of the electrons is zero because the spins are in up / down pairs.

However, this is a specific property of hydrogen and is no longer true for more complicated atoms which have a ( effective ) potential differing from the form 1 / r ( due to the presence of the inner electrons shielding the nucleus potential ).

However, according to quantum physics, individual molecules ( and atoms, electrons, protons etc.

However, the action of the anion accepting the cation's valence electrons and the subsequent attraction of the ions to each other releases energy and thus lowers the overall energy of the system.

However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals.

However, in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the diamagnetic effect is overwhelmed by the much stronger effects caused by the unpaired electrons.

However, in addition to the electrons ' intrinsic magnetic moment's tendency to be parallel to an applied field, there is also in these materials a tendency for these magnetic moments to orient parallel to each other to maintain a lowered-energy state.

However, in recent decades, for what doubtless are multiple reasons, an unannounced but nonetheless readily observable shift has occurred in both facets of national activity.

However, in the context of legal and civic policy, these controversies are less than novel.

However, despite the insight of many of his observations, his own conclusions are open to suspicion because of his failure to employ at all times the correct research methods.

However, there are still several types of calls that necessitate the use of telephone operators.

However, he states unequivocally `` the scandals in business are far less significant than the scandals in labor ''.

However, few are taxed, and the owners and location of most boats are unknown to the assessors on the date of assessment of town valuations.

However, the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube ( which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb ) from the liquid helium surface.

However, if their United States income is not subject to the withholding of tax on wages, their returns are due June 15, 1962, if they use a calendar year, or the 15th day of the 6th month after the close of their fiscal year.

However, the aircraft which we have today are tied to large, `` soft '' airfields.

However, some formulas are used more than others.

However, there is also much to be gained by making use of the abilities of the local people who are available and interested in recreation.

However, there are photographs of suspended drops of cyclohexanol phthalate ( viscosity 155 poises ) suspended in corn syrup of 71 poises in a paper by Mason and Bartok.

However, any oxygen nonequivalence would shorten either the already extremely short Af interlayer distance of 2.55 A or the non-hydrogen-bonded Af interlayer interactions which are already quite short at 2.58 Aj.

However, as so many of the records are not certainly based on newborn snakes, these data must be taken tentatively ; ;

However, if these procedures are applied more often, conditioned emotional responses are temporarily abolished.

However, it cannot be presumed, informal though the structure of the population seems, that there are not well-defined roles within the system.

However, the differences in procedure are fundamental.

However, the regionally differentiated results, which appear below in tables, are interesting evidence of the problems of developing self-government under even the most favorable circumstances.

However, if Federal funds are used, it would be entirely appropriate to train workers for jobs which could be obtained elsewhere as well as for jobs in the area of chronic unemployment.

However, it is not known to either the union or the public precisely how much of a cost increase is caused by a given change in the basic wage rate, although the companies are presumed to have reliable estimates of this magnitude.

However, there are relatively few such political constituencies, and, as has been pointed out, there is seldom a clear-cut distinction between the educational interests of one social class and those of another.

However, modesty and triviality are different qualities.

`` However, evidence that the Axis powers are making significant preparations indicative of such an intention is being reported with increasing frequency from a variety of sources.