However, this was the temperature of one particular degree of freedom a quantum property called nuclear spin not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees in freedom.

However, in quantum physics, there is another type of angular momentum, called spin angular momentum, represented by the spin operator S. Almost all elementary particles have spin.

However, quantum field theories that are " local " in this sense appear to violate the principle of locality as defined by EPR, but they nevertheless do not violate locality in a more general sense.

However, this work has been subject to much criticism by quantum chemists as it was concluded that the predicted I < sub > h </ sub > symmetric structure was vibrationally unstable and the resulting cage undergoes a spontaneous symmetry break, yielding a puckered cage with rare T < sub > h </ sub > symmetry ( symmetry of a volleyball ).

However, most chemists followed Kekulé's lead in pursuing and developing what some have called " classical " structure theory, which was modified after the discovery of electrons ( 1897 ) and the development of quantum mechanics ( in the 1920s ).

However, unanswered questions remain, the most fundamental being how general relativity can be reconciled with the laws of quantum physics to produce a complete and self-consistent theory of quantum gravity.

However, according to quantum physics, individual molecules ( and atoms, electrons, protons etc.

However, the reason for this correction to the partition function remained obscure until the discovery of quantum mechanics.

However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals.

However in the case of the free electron laser, atomic energy levels are not involved ; it appears that the operation of this rather exotic device can be explained without reference to quantum mechanics.

However, results from quantum mechanical research have suggested that this configuration is incorrect, and is in fact 7s < sup > 2 </ sup > 5f < sup > 14 </ sup > 7p < sup > 1 </ sup >.

However, for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used.

However, it fails to account for one of the main differences between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics, that is, the effects of measurement.

However, practical problems have prevented one-time pads from being widely used, except with quantum key distribution.

However, when the well becomes very narrow ( on the scale of a few nanometers ), quantum effects become important.

However, the use of canonical quantization has left its mark on the language and interpretation of quantum field theory.

However, it leads to a fairly simple picture of the vacuum state and is not easily amenable to use in some quantum field theories, such as quantum chromodynamics which is known to have a complicated vacuum characterized by many different condensates.

However, in 1905 Albert Einstein interpreted Planck's quantum hypothesis realistically and used it to explain the photoelectric effect, in which shining light on certain materials can eject electrons from the material.

However, quantum mechanics does not pinpoint the exact values of a particle's position and momentum ( since they are conjugate pairs ) or its energy and time ( since they too are conjugate pairs ); rather, it only provides a range of probabilities of where that particle might be given its momentum and momentum probability.

However, the formulation of a complete theory of quantum gravity is hindered by apparent incompatibilities between general relativity ( the most accurate theory of gravity currently known ) and some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory.

However, chaotic systems do not have good quantum numbers, and quantum chaos studies the relationship between classical and quantum descriptions in these systems.

However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

However, the word " heat " is a highly technical term in physics and thermodynamics, and is often confused with thermal energy.

However, the complexity of erosion processes and the number of areas that must be studied to understand and model them ( e. g. climatology, hydrology, geology, chemistry, physics, etc.

However, in the 1930s Gödel's incompleteness theorems convinced many mathematicians that mathematics cannot be reduced to logic alone, and Karl Popper concluded that " most mathematical theories are, like those of physics and biology, hypothetico-deductive: pure mathematics therefore turns out to be much closer to the natural sciences whose hypotheses are conjectures, than it seemed even recently.

However in later antiquity the first philosophy, as a more demanding discipline, was considering to come after physics and the works where it was exposed were called metaphysics.

However, materialists have historically held that everything is made of matter, but physics has shown that gravity, for example, is not made of matter in the traditional sense of "' an inert, senseless substance, in which extension, figure, and motion do actually subsist '… So it is tempting to use ' physicalism ' to distance oneself from what seems a historically important but no longer scientifically relevant thesis of materialism, and related to this, to emphasize a connection to physics and the physical sciences.

However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology.

However, on all understandings of omnipotence, it is generally held that a deity is able to intervene in the world by superseding the laws of physics, since they are not part of its nature, but the principles on which it has created the physical world.

However, the laws of physics which include these properties are invariant.

However, with quantum entanglement, if Alice and Bob measure the spin of their particles in directions other than just up or down, with the directions chosen to form a Bell's inequality, they can now observe a correlation that is fundamentally stronger than anything that is achievable in classical physics.

However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e. g. superpositions of relatively large ( by the standards of quantum physics ) objects have been performed.

However, in physics, it is common to treat an extended object as a " particle " or " field " with its own unique ( e. g. center of mass ) position at any given time, so that the world line of a particle or light beam is the path that this particle or beam takes in the spacetime and represents the history of the particle or beam.

However, the theory of relativity is now considered as a cornerstone of modern physics, see Criticism of relativity theory.

An atomic mass unit is, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter .</ ref > However, even if every single atom and particle could be removed from a volume, it would still not be " empty " due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, and other phenomena in quantum physics.

However, the Novikov self-consistency principle is intended to go beyond just the statement that history must be consistent, making the additional nontrivial assumption that the universe obeys the same local laws of physics in situations involving time travel that it does in regions of spacetime that lack closed timelike curves.

However, his sophomore and junior years were marred with mediocre grades, mostly Bs, Cs and even an F in nuclear physics.

However, there were also theoretical predictions from nuclear physics that bismuth-209 would decay very slowly by alpha emission.

However, there is currently no argument from physics that there would be one brane for each physically possible version of history as in the many-worlds interpretation, nor is there any argument that time travel would take one to a different brane.

However, one could easily modify the classic statement as follows: " An omnipotent being creates a universe which follows the laws of Aristotelian physics.

However, since it is capable of being greatly altered and even discharged by heat, the color was believed by some authorities to be from an organic source.

However, the intact forest floor, with its layers of leaf litter and organic matter, is still able to absorb the impact of the rainfall.

However, he maintained that a certain ' materia pinguis ' or ' fatty matter ,' set into fermentation by heat, gave birth to fossil organic shapes, as opposed to fossil shells having belonged to living animals.

However certain rocks ( such as lapis lazuli ) and organic materials ( such as amber or jet ) are not minerals, but are still used for jewelry, and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well.

However, most are not hydroponics because the soilless medium often provides some of the mineral nutrients via slow release fertilizers, cation exchange, and decomposition of the organic medium itself.

However, organic molecules were observed in the spectra that scientists would not have expected to find under these conditions, such as formaldehyde, methanol, and vinyl alcohol.

However, the loss of soil depth and organic matter takes centuries to correct.

However, radiocarbon dating can often be used on the inks that make up the writing, since many of them contain organic compounds such as plant leachings, soot, and wine.

However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis, since photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon.

However, the disadvantage this implies in relation to their contestant parties ( which denote permanent labor and a disciplined and organic structure ), impels them to modify their organization to become mass-based parties.

However, Toxorhynchites can consume all types of prey, organic debris ,, or even exhibit cannibalistic behavior.

However, in the Earth's stratosphere, fluorine atoms react rapidly with water and methane to form strongly bound HF, while organic molecules which contain iodine react so rapidly in the lower atmosphere that they do not reach the stratosphere in significant quantities.

However, " organic strategies " may result in a tangle of elements and subsystems, developed in isolation and subject to local optimization as opposed to meeting a global purpose.

However, most scholarly research suggests a more gradual and organic development of the rosary.

However, new light-manufacturing centered around organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.

However, if Thread survives to begin its feeding cycle on the organic component of soil, the result is a burrow that multiplies extremely rapidly.

However it is unknown if cold flames occur naturally, though a lot of compounds which exhibit cold flames are the natural byproducts of organic decay.

However, there is a growing resurgence of interest in organic, free range, and locally grown family farm products.

However, in 1845, Adolph Kolbe succeeded in making acetic acid from inorganic compounds, and in the 1850s, Marcellin Berthelot repeated this feat for numerous organic compounds.

However, briquette makers can now turn organic waste into fuel, saving money and / or collection time, and preserving forests.

However, in fermented milk products, such as yogurt, the presence of organic acids may counteract the insulinotropic effect of milk in mixed meals.

However a final effluent of a sewage treatment works serving a large industrialised area might have a discharge where the ultimate BOD was much greater than the 5 day BOD because much of the easily degraded material would have been removed in the sewage treatment process and many industrial processes discharge difficult to degrade organic molecules.

However, the use of septic tanks and other On-Site Sewage Facilities ( OSSF ) is widespread in rural areas, serving up to one quarter of the homes in the U. S. The most important aerobic treatment system is the activated sludge process, based on the maintenance and recirculation of a complex biomass composed by micro-organisms able to absorb and adsorb the organic matter carried in the wastewater.

" However, the Daleks are actually organic life-forms that were encased in robotic shells, and thus do not possess the purported positronic brain and, in any case, do not obey the Three Laws of Robotics.