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However, the effect of ionizing radiation on matter ( especially living tissue ) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated.
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However and effect
However, because this vulnerability is mutual, it is to the advantage of neither side to destroy the opponent's cities, at least so long as the opponent has nuclear weapons with which to effect reprisal.
However, if the excited atom has been previously ionized, in particular if one of its inner shell electrons has been removed, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the quantity of energy is transferred to one of the bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum.
However, the particulates responsible for acid rain ( sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides ) do have an adverse effect.
However other reports indicate that piracy does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry.
However, there still were several unsolved problems, most notably the description of superconductivity and the Kondo effect.
However, Pol Pot biographer David Chandler argues that the bombing " had the effect the Americans wanted – it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh ".
However, one might fix on non-psychological goods as the relevant effect.
However, while Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city, those reforms had minimal effect on Cairo's landscape.
However, during 2006-8, several reviews of case reports and pilot studies have failed to confirm this effect, collectively indicating no statistically significant interaction between daily consumption of 250 mL cranberry juice and warfarin in the general population.
However, some drugs have a better side effect profile than others, enabling doctors to adjust treatment regimens to the advantage of patients in certain situations.
However, because of the Reid v. Covert decision, the U. S. adds a reservation to the text of every treaty that says, in effect, that the U. S. intends to abide by the treaty, but if the treaty is found to be in violation of the Constitution, then the U. S. legally can't abide by the treaty since the U. S. signature would be ultra vires.
However, the cost of calculators fell as components and their production techniques improved, and the effect of economies of scale were felt.
However, barbarian raids during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and removal of statues and other riches ( in effect looting ) by Constantine I caused it to decay.
However, when the slew rate of the current is not so severe ( e. g. Line frequency ) the effect can be safely ignored.
However, this argument has been described as an example of the fallacy of a statistical confounding effect ; it is now known that a herpesvirus, potentiated by HIV, is responsible for AIDS-associated KS.
However, the effect of chewing on the intake of macronutrients, such as sugars, fats, and proteins has not been observed.
However, not only did he reject the title of Dominus during his reign, but since he issued no official documentation or coinage to this effect, historians such as Brian Jones contend that such phrases were addressed to Domitian by flatterers who wished to earn favors from the emperor.
However, the later discovery of the photoelectric effect demonstrated that under different circumstances, light can behave as if it is composed of discrete particles.
" However, it also potentially has the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night from being published, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the tower.
However, one might fix on non-psychological goods as the relevant effect.
However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a code of ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes.
However in nonlinear media, such as some crystals, interactions can occur between light and static electric and magnetic fields — these interactions include the Faraday effect and the Kerr effect.
However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.
However, the view that there is no causal instantaneous effect has also been proposed within the Copenhagen interpretation: in this alternate view, measurement affects our ability to define ( and measure ) quantities in the physical system, not the system itself.
However and ionizing
However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown.
However, the entire spectrum of ultraviolet radiation has some of the biological features of ionizing radiation, in doing far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than is accounted for by simple heating effects ( an example is sunburn ).
However, persons living at higher altitude can obtain several times more cosmic radiation than at sea level, and long distance airline crews can double their yearly ionizing radiation exposure due to this source.
However, cosmic rays, unlike the other energy components above, are composed of ionizing particles, and this is far more damaging to biological processes than simple energies suggest.
However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown.
However, the treatment effects of radiopharmaceuticals rely on the tissue-destructive power of short-range ionizing radiation.
However, neutron interactions are largely ionizing, for example when neutron absorption results in gamma emission and the gamma ray ( photon ) subsequently removes an electron from an atom, or a nucleus recoiling from a neutron interaction is ionized and causes more traditional subsequent ionization in other atoms.
However, it is not known if low dose ionizing radiation stimulates the repair of DSBs not caused by ionizing radiation i. e. a hormetic response.
However, Brad Sparks contends that, although the symptoms were somewhat similar to those caused by ionizing radiation, the rapidity of onset was only consistent with a massive dose that would have meant certain death in a few days.
However and radiation
However, as much time as possible should be spent within the shelter to hold radiation exposure to a minimum.
However, another component of alpha radiation is the recoil of the parent nucleus, termed alpha recoil.
However, it remains difficult to find a solution to the coronal heating problem as these structures are being observed remotely, where many ambiguities are present ( i. e. radiation contributions along the LOS ).
However, in the far-field EM radiation which is described by the two source-free Maxwell curl operator equations, a more correct description is that a time-change in one type of field is proportional to a space-change in the other.
However, in 1900 the French scientist Paul Villard discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium, and after he described it, Rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation, which in 1903 Rutherford named gamma rays.
However, when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense, it is possible for one electron to absorb two photons ; this two-photon absorption can lead to emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation.
However, in this context it becomes inaccurate when the diffusion constant is low and the radiation becomes limited by the speed of light rather than by the resistance of the material the radiation is flowing through.
However, since the Earth reflects about 30 % of the incoming sunlight, the planet's effective temperature ( the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation ) is about − 18 ° C, about 33 ° C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 ° C.
However there are limitations in measuring high radiation rates and in measuring the energy of incident radiation.
However, the G-M tube produces a pulse output which is the same magnitude for all detected radiation, so a Geiger counter with an end window tube cannot distinguish between alpha and beta particles.
However, those experiments could be either not verified in later experiments, could not be clearly attributed to the radiation effect, or could be attributed to an inappropriate design of the experiment etc.
However, this type of UV radiation is significantly less harmful to DNA, although it may still potentially cause indirect genetic damage in skin ( see ultraviolet for more about UV-A ).
However, when confronted with totally unexpected phenomena, such as the first evidence for invisible radiation, experimental scientists often use the same approach as historical scientists: construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a " smoking gun ".
However, it slowly decays, with the half-life of 32, 760 years, into < sup > 227 </ sup > Ac, which has a specific activity of 74 Ci / gram, emits both alpha and beta radiation, and has a much shorter half-life of 22 years.
However, if the electromagnetic radiation hitting the metal cap does not have a high enough frequency ( its frequency is below the threshold value for the cap ), then the leaf will never discharge, no matter how long one shines the low-frequency light at the cap.
However, the extreme resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to radiation, cold, dehydration and vacuum shows that at least one known organism is capable of surviving the hazards of space without need for special protection.
However, the slowdown of the Earth's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects make this irrelevant: About 2. 1 billion years from now, the continual increase of the Sun's radiation will cause the Earth's oceans to vaporize, removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration.
However, X-rays are composed of photons, and thus are not only waves of electromagnetic radiation but also exhibit particle-like properties.
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