However, the foundation of memetics in full modern incarnation originates in the publication in 1996 of two books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker player, Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab.

However, the Founding Father who perhaps most studied and valued Machiavelli as a political philosopher was John Adams, who profusely commented on the Italian's thought in his work, A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America.

However, posthumanists in the humanities and the arts are critical of transhumanism, in part, because they argue that it incorporates and extends many of the values of Enlightenment humanism and classical liberalism, namely scientism, according to performance philosopher Shannon Bell:

However, by the late 1960s, many of Structuralism's basic tenets came under attack from a new wave of predominantly French intellectuals such as the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the philosopher and social commentator Jacques Derrida, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes.

However, as a philosopher, he did not advocate any concrete pedagogy, although he had some general views on the issue.

However, recent work by philosopher and critical theorist Nikolas Kompridis tries to show that Heidegger's insights into world disclosure are badly misunderstood and mishandled by Habermas, and are of vital importance for critical theory, offering an important way of renewing that tradition.

However, in the late 3rd century Porphyry, an anti-Christian Neoplatonic philosopher, claimed in his treatise Against the Christians that the miracles of Jesus were not unique, and mentioned Apollonius as a non-Christian who had accomplished similar achievements.

However, Nietzsche never developed the concept on racial grounds ; the philosopher was no racist ( nor an anti-semite ).

However, it was the figures of the poets Horace, Homer and Virgil, the philosopher Socrates, and the leaders Lucius Verus and Lycurgus which once graced the exedra whose political message was one of democracy and anti-tyranny.

However, later scholars like the philosopher Goethe deemed it worthy of serious literary consideration.

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

However, as Wittgenstein's killings continue, the government presses the Cambridge don to talk Wittgenstein into committing suicide, a position with which the philosopher agrees, much to Jake's dismay.

However, his name also seems to be a reference to hemlock, the poisonous plant used to kill the philosopher Socrates.

However, some figures, such as the philosopher Baruch de Spinoza ( 1632 – 1677 ) experienced social stigma for their ideas.

However he did have a reader, Sisinnius, a philosopher and theologian, to whom he referred the argument with the Arians.

However, a philosopher can only eat spaghetti when he has both left and right forks.

However, Scott agreed with theologian Huston Smith and philosopher Alvin Plantinga that " unsupervised " and " impersonal " should be dropped from the statement as they made philosophical and theological claims beyond those science could claim to make based on its principle of methodological naturalism — and the statement was altered.

However, the ancient philosopher Epicurus used the word ' pleasure ' in a more general sense that encompassed a range of states from bliss to contentment to relief.

However, during the subsequent police round-ups of Guardist activists, Iorga intervened for the release of fascist philosopher Nae Ionescu, and still invited Guardist poet Radu Gyr to lecture at Vălenii.

However, Lichtenberg was not a professional philosopher, and had no need to present, or to have, any consistent philosophy.

However in 1868, upon Maclean's retirement, James McCosh, a philosopher, became president.

However, Quigley's role ended in 1988 when it became public through the memoirs of former chief of staff, Donald Regan.

However, in her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda.

However, Donald Knuth argued that BNF should rather be read as Backus – Naur Form, as it is

" However, in other venues ( including the DVD commentary for Becket ), O ' Toole has also credited Donald Wolfit as being his most important mentor.

However, Clippers team owner Donald Sterling matched Miami's offer.

However, his mission is finally realized in his devotion to the “ broken blossom ” Lucy Burrows ( Lillian Gish ), the beautiful but unwanted and abused daughter of boxer Battling Burrows ( Donald Crisp ).

However, Miss Howard was also mentioned in the membership list of the British Psychological Society, Prof. John Cohen remembered her well during the 1930s and Prof. Donald MacRae had personally received an article from her in 1949 and 1950.

However, other Velikovskian enthusiasts such as Ralph Juergens ( dec .), Earl Milton ( dec .), Wal Thornhill, and Donald E. Scott have embraced and developed these themes to propose a scenario where stars are powered not by internal nuclear fusion, but by galactic-scale electrical discharge currents.

However, the playing of original cast members ( including Donald Faison, pictured ) were lauded.

However, when Sir Donald Tsang became the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, he reverted it and designated the House as the official residence and office.

However there were at least 200 armed men with the party, threat enough to the settlement which seemed to be confirmed by their building a Pa. Once again it fell to Donald McLean to assemble of force to deal with the threat and to organize the shipping to move his warriors into the area.

However, Sumner's Pulitzer-prize-winning biographer, David Donald, presents Sumner in his first volume, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1960 ), as an insufferably arrogant moralist ; an egoist bloated with pride ; pontifical and Olympian, and unable to distinguish between large issues and small ones.

However, a bright young student named Donald Knuth had previously implemented ALGOL 58 on an earlier Burroughs machine during the three months of his summer break.

However, a piece of Gyro's device is missing, and to make the machine working again, Donald must go on a journey to recover it.

However, in 1965 he withdrew from active participation in public life, and real power was held by his deputy, Donald Sangster.

However, this use of mantissa is discouraged by the IEEE floating-point standard committee and by some professionals such as William Kahan and Donald Knuth, because it conflicts with the pre-existing use of mantissa for the fractional part of a logarithm ( see also common logarithm ).

However, because of the propagandistic nature of the short, and the depiction of Donald Duck as a Nazi ( albeit a reluctant one ), Disney kept the film out of general circulation after its original release.

However, genuine fast bowlers who can hit the deck hard and hope for some seam as well do the most damage, the like of which are Shaun Pollock, Allan Donald, Dale Steyn, Morné Morkel, André Nel and Jacques Kallis.

In 1549, Donald Monro, Dean of the Isles wrote, in brief reference to Easdale, of an island " namit in the Erische Leid Ellan Eisdcalfe " However the derivation of " Eisdcalfe " and this word's etymological relationship to " Easdale " is not clear.

However, a day after the speculation reached a climax on August 26, both NHLPA Interim Director Mike Ouellet and Deputy Commissioner and chief legal officer of the NHL Bill Daly disputed the claims that it is all hearsay, and nothing is concrete between the NHLPA and Donald Fehr.

However, good bowling and fielding restricted South Africa, and with the run-out of Steve Elworthy, they needed to score 16 off the last 8 balls to win without losing a wicket, with Lance Klusener and Allan Donald at the crease.

However, Daisy did not appear as regularly as Donald himself.

However, it is widely believed the sides containing the likes of Allan Donald, Shaun Pollock, Gary Kirsten and Hansie Cronje grossly underachieved, gaining a reputation as " chokers ", due to them reaching the semi-finals of the Cricket World Cup three times, but failing to progress into the finals, when Herschelle Gibbs dropped Australian captain Steve Waugh in 1999 in a Super Six match.

However, Donald Winslow of the New York Times quotes Adams as having described the image as a ' reflex picture ' and ' wasn't certain of what he'd photographed until the film was developed '.