However, several landmarks have been achieved in the fight against it in Latin America, including a reduction by 72 % of the incidence of human infection in children and young adults in the countries of the Southern Cone Initiative, and at least three countries ( Uruguay, in 1997, and Chile, in 1999, and Brazil in 2006 ) have been certified free of vectorial and transfusional transmission.

However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre.

However, the reactions are reversible and the role of a particular electrode in a cell depends on the relative oxidation / reduction potential of both electrodes.

However, with the appropriate reduction formula, every elliptic integral can be brought into a form that involves integrals over rational functions and the three Legendre canonical forms ( i. e. the elliptic integrals of the first, second and third kind ).

However, a reduction of freezing was observed in the mice that had inhibited glucocorticoid receptors.

However, with dramatic cost reduction and speed and reliability improvements in the transportation of people and the communication of information, the service sector now includes some of the most intensive international competition, despite residual protectionism.

However the reduction in cultivation may not have actual effects on cocaine production, as recent advances in coca growing and more efficient processing methods allow for greater cocaine yield.

However, their efficacy is limited and they have many side effects, including breast growth, headaches, weight gain, and reduction in bone density.

However, reduction to numerical values is not essential for dealing with random elements: a randomly selected individual remains an individual, not a number.

However the reduction in strength to 8, 500 was achieved by the end of 2009.

However, Paul Krugman demonstrates that the monetary base expanded significantly from 1922 to 1925, and that this expansion was accompanied by a reduction in commercial paper rates.

However, his successor, George Grey, promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land ownership, influence and rights of the Māori.

However this reduction in shot noise does not apply when the current results from random events at a potential barrier which all the electrons must overcome due to a random excitation, such as by thermal activation.

However, the ozone hole is most usually measured not in terms of ozone concentrations at these levels ( which are typically of a few parts per million ) but by reduction in the total column ozone, above a point on the Earth's surface, which is normally expressed in Dobson units, abbreviated as " DU ".

However, no bio-defense solution seems to be able to compete with a simple reduction of import volumes, and its corresponding reduction in risk of any accidents.

However, conservation tillage systems delay warming of the soil due to the reduction of dark earth exposure to the warmth of the spring sun, thus delaying the planting of the next year's spring crop of corn.

However, the guild movement of the 14th Century resulted in a reduction in the power of the nobles and also a restricted guild system in Solothurn.

However, the encouragement of olive production for export could actually have led to increased hardship for many Athenians since it would have led to a reduction in the amount of land dedicated to grain.

However NO < sub > 3 </ sub > is more abundant so most phytoplankton have adapted to have the enzymes necessary to undertake this reduction ( nitrate reductase ).

However, in the United Kingdom, the main competition for the broadside was the gradual reduction of the newspaper tax, beginning in the 1830s, and eventually its dismissal in 1855.

However, studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive.

However, the real attraction of limited animation was the reduction in costs: because limited animation does not require as many drawings as fully keyframed animations, it is much less expensive to produce.

However, this symbol does not specifically represent an unrounded vowel, and is frequently used for almost any unstressed obscure vowel.

However syllable after lost caesura is often unstressed as it is in everyday speech.

However, contemporary accounts regard it as a symbol representing a close front vowel that is neither the vowel of nor that of ; it occurs in contexts where the contrast between these vowels is neutralized ; these contexts include unstressed prevocalic position within the word, such as react.

However in some well-established compounds the vowel of the unstressed part may be reduced, as in postman.

However, it had been adapted to German and English more than a century earlier with the alternating long and short syllables of Latin being replaced with stressed and unstressed syllables of the Germanic languages.

However, in Kurdish, writing the vowels is mandatory, and full letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet.

However, it has not incorporated the general Eastern umlaut of all synchronic or even historic " ya " sounds into " e " before front vowels – e. g. поляна ( polyana ) vs полени ( poleni ) " meadow – meadows " or even жаба ( zhaba ) vs жеби ( zhebi ) " frog – frogs ", even though it co-occurs with the yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it ( except a few dialects along the yat border, e. g. in the Pleven region ).

However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages.

However, it is not fully certain that the alternation between syllables necessarily reflects a difference in the vowels rather than the consonants – at the moment, the only undisputed fact is that they are different syllables.

However, very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation ( and cannot readily be regarded as " areal ", either, since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area ).

However, many such dictionaries still have ambiguities in their treatment and distinction of long vowels or heavy syllables.

However, the recently discovered language of Zialo has nasal equivalent for each of its seven vowels.

Nasal and oral vowels probably merged around the 11th c. in most of Old East Norse .< sup >: 3 </ sup > However, the distinction still holds in Dalarna .< sup >: 4 </ sup > The dots in the following vowel table separate the oral from nasal phonemes.

However, Maddieson and Emmory ( 1985 ) demonstrated from a range of languages that semivowels are produced with a narrower constriction of the vocal tract than vowels, and so may be considered consonants on that basis.

However, none of them are pronounced alone without vowels, so they are not phonological words.

) However, there are languages with lexical words that not only contain no vowels, but contain no sonorants at all, like ( non-lexical ) shh!

However, according to the Royal Academy of the Basque Language, the origin may be another: The name is first found on Muslim chronicles of the 8th century referring to the Alavese Plains ( Spanish Llanada Alavesa, Basque Arabako Lautada ), laua in old Basque ( currently lautada ) with the Arab article added ( al + laua ), developing into Spanish Álava and Basque Araba ( a typical development of l to r between vowels ).

However, it is the rearmost point of contact that defines the place of articulation ; this is where the oral cavity ends, and it is the resonant space of the oral cavity that gives consonants and vowels their characteristic timbre.

However, there are cases where regressive metaphony occurs over pretonic vowels ; e. g. tovallola ' towel ', afecta ' affects '.

However, some scholars still describe Mongolian as being characterized by a distinction between front vowels and back vowels, and the front vowel spellings ' ö ' and ' ü ' are still often used in the West to indicate two vowels which were historically front.

( However, there is a frequent convention of indicating only the long vowels: it is then understood that a vowel with no macron is short.

However, phonetically, the short high vowels are reduced: they are mid-centralized.

However, Ugaritic was unusual among early abjads in also writing vowels after glottal stop.

However, other lines, such as line 3 (" Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains ") rely on a pattern of five " short " vowels followed by " long " vowel and " short " vowel pairings until it ends with a " long " vowel.

However, professional linguists and historians, particularly the specialists in ancient Slavic, question many features of its language — vocabulary ( modern or medieval Slavic words occasionally and unwittingly used in place of their ancient equivalents ), spelling, phonetics ( distinct reflections of the nasal vowels, both following Polish and Serbian patterns in different places, the haphazard handling of reduced vowels, etc., etc.