The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, following by developing techniques which allow to read DNA sequences and culminating in starting the Human Genome Project ( not finished in the 20th century ) and cloning the first mammal in 1996.

In 1977 the US Congress created the National Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to investigate allegations that psychosurgery — including lobotomy techniques — were used to control minorities and restrain individual rights.

In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques of " sensory deprivation " were not torture as laid out in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, but were " inhuman or degrading treatment " ( see Accusations of use of torture by United Kingdom for details ).

Medical and Human Rights Organizations worldwide have collaborated to produce the Istanbul Protocol, a document designed to outline common torture methods, consequences of torture, and medico-legal examination techniques.

The Silva Method is one of a number of therapeutic techniques sometimes grouped under the name Human Potential Movement.

Several broad disciplines including Psychology, Human Factors and Cognitive Science subsume usability engineering, but the theoretical foundations of the field come from more specific domains: human perception and action ; human cognition ; behavioral research methodologies ; and, to a lesser extent, quantitative and statistical analysis techniques.

Human rights activists claim that Russian police use torture techniques to extract false confessions from detainees.

Human memory is created and highly suggestible, and a wide variety of innocuous, embarrassing and frightening memories can be falsely created through the use of different techniques, including guided imagery, hypnosis and suggestion by others.

In 1978, in a case brought by the government of the Republic of Ireland against the government of the United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the interrogation techniques approved for use by the British army on internees in 1971 amounted to " inhuman and degrading " treatment.

::* Human Capital – using ICT will allow intermediaries or knowledge providers impart updated knowledge, techniques and new developments in technology to the locals.

Reaction to the order was mixed, with the CIA satisfied that it " clearly defined " the agency's authorities, but Human Rights Watch saying that answers about what specific techniques had been banned lay in the classified companion document and that " the people in charge of interpreting document don't have a particularly good track record of reasonable legal analysis ".

In its 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the U. S. Department of State formally recognized " submersion of the head in water " as torture in its examination of Tunisia's poor human rights record, and critics of waterboarding draw parallels between the two techniques, citing the similar usage of water on the subject.

* Human innovation is facilitated by sampling solutions from population, associating and presenting them in different combinations to a user ( see creativity techniques ).

Human methods, techniques or strategies by themselves cannot accomplish this transformation.

The Court ruled that neither these five techniques nor the beating of prisoners met the European definition of torture under the European Convention on Human Rights.

On 26 July 2008, the Joint Committee on Human Rights accused Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram in 2004 and Lieutenant-General Robin Brims, Commander Field Army, in 2006 of misleading the committee when they declared that conditioning practices ( based on the five techniques, banned since their used in Northern Ireland in the 1970s ) were not being used.

Practising Human Givens psychotherapists use a number of techniques to get the subject to use imagination in a healthier way which they propose restores a more balanced sleep pattern and consequently can lift the depression

In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) trial " Ireland v. the United Kingdom " ruled that the five techniques " did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture ... amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment ", in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights.

The Christian Science Monitor reports that " Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System ( HTS ) program ; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq.

The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at Brandeis University in 1993, are now housed at Harvard University.

Under current United States law, bio-agents which have been declared by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U. S. Department of Agriculture to have the " potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety " are officially defined as " select agents ".

Human spoken and pictoral languages can be described as a system of symbols ( sometimes known as lexemes ) and the grammars ( rules ) by which the symbols are manipulated.

While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to income, all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as " very high development " countries.

The largest federal agencies contributing to research are NASA, National Science Foundation, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense, and Department of Energy.

Among non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ), Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are noted for their opposition to capital punishment.

* In the Stargate SG-1 fourth season episode " Scorched Earth ", a Human society known as the Enkarans are threatened on their new homeworld by an alien ship that is terraforming the planet to be suitable for the sulfur-based Gadmeer species.

To use an epistemological distinction introduced by Jürgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse ( Knowledge and Human Interests ), critical theory in literary studies is ultimately a form of hermeneutics, i. e. knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions — including the interpretation of texts which are themselves implicitly or explicitly the interpretation of other texts.

One member of the Permanent Commission for Human Rights commented on the Americas Watch report and its chief investigator Juan Mendez: " The Sandinistas are laying the groundwork for a totalitarian society here and yet all Mendez wanted to hear about were abuses by the contras.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission found that five times more black people than white people per head of population in England and Wales are imprisoned.

Independent local sources of political information on Eritrean domestic politics are scarce ; in September 2001 the government closed down all of the nation's privately owned print media, and outspoken critics of the government have been arrested and held without trial, according to domestic and international observers, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.

Human activities are important in almost all ecosystems.

Human adepts are granted a special Versatility talent to make them more mechanically appealing.

In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving.

Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear in people's minds his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of the human being and any life form for that matter.

" Human performance is not perceived as " random ," and people are more likely to continue streaks when they believe that the process generating the results is nonrandom.

There is no one organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests, although there are two organizations that are inclusive of many of the LGBT community issues: InterPride by coordinating and networking gay pride events worldwide, and International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission ( IGLHRC ), which addresses human rights violations against LGBT and HIV-positive people and works with the United Nations.

Human rights are commonly understood as " inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.

Human rights are thus conceived as universal ( applicable everywhere ) and egalitarian ( the same for everyone ).

Human rights are also described as a sociological pattern of rule setting ( as in the sociological theory of law and the work of Weber ).

Civil and political rights are enshrined in articles 3 to 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ).

Economic, social and cultural rights are enshrined in articles 22 to 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ).

Many modern studies, most notably Sexual Behavior in the Human Male by Alfred Kinsey, have found that the majority of humans have had both heterosexual and homosexual experiences or sensations and are bisexual.