Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Proßnitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany ) was a philosopher and mathematician and the founder of the 20th century philosophical school of phenomenology.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

* April 8 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher ( d. 1938 )

Although studying an array of subjects at the school, Foucault's particular interest was soon drawn to philosophy, reading not only the works of Hegel and Marx that he had been exposed to by Hyppolite but also studying the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ) and most significantly, Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ).

* Carl Stumpf ( 1848 – 1936 ), student of Brentano and mentor to Husserl, used " phenomenology " to refer to an ontology of sensory contents.

* Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ) established phenomenology at first as a kind of " descriptive psychology " and later as a transcendental and eidetic science of consciousness.

* Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ) developed further the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl and extended it to include also a reduction of the scientific method.

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano ( January 16, 1838 – March 17, 1917 ) was an influential German philosopher and psychologist whose influence was felt by other such luminaries as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong, who followed and adapted his views.

* Herman Van Breda ( 1911 – 1974 ), founder of the Husserl Archives.

Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano ( 1838 – 1917 ), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ).

* Edmund Husserl ( Vienna, 1884 – 1886 ), founded the phenomenological movement, influencing:

Brown ( 2006: p. 19 ) charts the lineage of philosophers, namely Nietzsche ( 1844 – 1900 ), Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ), Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ), Sartre ( 1905 – 1980 ), Merleau-Ponty ( 1908 – 1961 ), and Levinas ( 1906 — 1995 ) who challenged the entrenched Cartesian dualism of a hard split between " body " and " mind " and hence, embraced different views of nondual ' bodymind ' or body-mind continuum thus:

In addition to Brentano, his pupils Anton Marty, Alexius Meinong and Edmund Husserl also considerably influenced Polish philosophy and the Lwów – Warsaw School.

He still agreed with Husserl that consciousness is " about " objects or, as they say, it " intends " them – rather than forming within itself a duplicate, an inner representation of an outward object.

Edmund Husserl ( 1962, 2000 ) wrote extensively about categorial systems as part of his phenomenology.

* Edmund Husserl, 1962.

This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

* Cartesian Meditations, a work by Edmund Husserl

Influenced by the views of Brentano's pupil Alexius Meinong, and by Edmund Husserl, Germanophone and Francophone philosophy took a different direction regarding the question of existence.

Edmund Husserl died at Freiburg on April 27, 1938, having just turned 79.

On May 4, 1933, Professor Edmund Husserl addressed the recent regime change in Germany and its consequences:

The Idea of a Transcendental Theory of Method with textual notations by Edmund Husserl.

Edmund Husserl: Philosopher of Infinite Tasks.

** Husserliana: Edmund Husserl Gesammelte Werke, the ongoing critical edition of Husserl's works.

** Edmund Husserl Collected Works, English translation of Husserl's works.

* Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: " Edmund Husserl ( 1859-1938 ).

* Barry Smith, Papers on Edmund Husserl

* " Edmund Husserl: Formal Ontology and Transcendental Logic.

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Then Husserl traveled to Vienna to study at the Realgymnasium there, followed next by the Staatsgymnasium in Olomouc ( Ger: Olmütz ).

Later Husserl lectured at Prague in 1935 and Vienna in 1936, which resulted in a very differently styled work that while innovative is no less problematic: Die Krisis ( Belgrade 1936 ).

However, among other disabilities Husserl was unable to publish his works in Nazi Germany ; cf., above footnote to Die Krisis ( 1936 ).

Some years after the 1900-1901 publication of his main work, the Logische Untersuchungen ( Logical Investigations ), Husserl made some key conceptual elaborations which led him to assert that in order to study the structure of consciousness, one would have to distinguish between the act of consciousness and the phenomena at which it is directed ( the objects as intended ).

In a later period, Husserl began to wrestle with the complicated issues of intersubjectivity, specifically, how communication about an object can be assumed to refer to the same ideal entity ( Cartesian Meditations, Meditation V ).

Through sensible intuition our consciousness constitutes what Husserl calls a " situation of affairs " ( Sachlage ).

In his Logical Investigations, Husserl mentions Frege only twice, once in a footnote to point out that he had retracted three pages of his criticism of Frege's The Foundations of Arithmetic, and again to question Frege's use of the word Bedeutung to designate " reference " rather than " meaning " ( sense ).

Scheler, who was at Göttingen when Husserl taught there, was one of the original few editors of the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung ( 1913 ).

* Husserl Archives at the New School ( New York ).

The slogan of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl is " all consciousness is consciousness of something ", which implies a distinction between " acts of thought " ( the noesis ) and " intentional objects of thought " ( the noema ).

This is particularly the case when one attends to the phenomena of the body ( which is at once body-subject and body-object ), subjective time ( the consciousness of time is neither an act of consciousness nor an object of thought ) and the other ( the first considerations of the other in Husserl led to solipsism ).

Contrary to the criticisms Heidegger advances in his lectures, intentionality ( and, by implication, the meaning of ' to be ') in the final analysis is not construed by Husserl as sheer presence ( be it the presence of a fact or object, act or event ).

In 1941, under pressure from publisher Max Niemeyer, Heidegger agreed to remove the dedication to Husserl from Being and Time ( restored in post-war editions ).

In 1916 Stein received a doctorate of philosophy from the University of Göttingen with a dissertation under Edmund Husserl, Zum Problem der Einfühlung ( On the Problem of Empathy ).

The " object " of such an analysis is the meaningful lived world of everyday life: the " Lebenswelt ", or Life-world ( Husserl: 1889 ).

The phenomenological tie-in with the sociology of knowledge stems from two key historical sources for Mannheim's analysis: Mannheim was dependent on insights derived from Husserl's phenomenological investigations, especially the theory of meaning as found in Husserl's Logical Investigations of 1900 / 1901 ( Husserl: 2000 ), in the formulation of his central methodological work: " On The Interpretation of Weltanschauung " ( Mannheim: 1993: see fn41 & fn43 )-this essay forms the centerpiece for Mannheim's method of historical understanding and is central to his conception of the sociology of knowledge as a research program ; and The concept of " Weltanschauung " employed by Mannheim has its origins in the hermeneutic philosophy of Wilhelm Dilthey, who relied on Husserl's theory of meaning ( above ) for his methodological specification of the interpretive act ( Mannheim: 1993: see fn38 ).

Sometimes depicted as the “ science of experience ,” the phenomenological method is rooted in intentionality, Husserl ’ s theory of consciousness ( developed from Brentano ).

Husserl countered that consciousness is not “ in ” the mind but rather conscious of something other than itself ( the intentional object ), whether the object is a substance or a figment of imagination ( i. e., the real processes associated with and underlying the figment ).

Some years after the publication of the Logical Investigations, Husserl made some key elaborations that led him to the distinction between the act of consciousness ( noesis ) and the phenomena at which it is directed ( the noemata ).

* Espen Dahl, Phenomenology and the Holy: Religious experience after Husserl ( London, SCM Press, 2010 ).

* Husserl, Edmund ( 1962 ).