Monazite, because of its magnetic properties, can be separated by repeated electromagnetic separation.

An early champion of the electromagnetic separation method to enrich uranium and increase its percentage of fissile U-235, Lawrence manufactured his magnetic calutrons — specialized forms of mass spectrometers — for the massive isotope separation plants in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

A commonly used approximation that is valid when the wire separation is much larger than the wire radius and in the absence of magnetic materials is

* Picture to sound separation: sound in advance of picture by 28 frames for optical sound and 26 frames for magnetic.

Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment, as well as being employed as industrial lifting electromagnets for picking up and moving heavy iron objects like scrap iron.

The grain size of the magnetite and its degree of commingling with the silica groundmass determine the grind size to which the rock must be comminuted to enable efficient magnetic separation to provide a high purity magnetite concentrate.

Monazite can be isolated as a nearly pure concentrate by the use of gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation.

To obtain an approximate expression for the average magnetic field on a railgun armature, we assume that the rail radius is small compared with the rail separation and, by assuming that the railgun rails can be modelled as a pair of semi-infinite conductors, we compute the following integral:

Permanent magnets find application in electric motors, magnetic recording media ( e. g. hard drives, floppy disks, or magnetic tape ) and magnetic separation.

Superconducting magnets are widely used in MRI machines, NMR equipment, mass spectrometers, magnetic separation processes, and particle accelerators.

Depending on the strength of the magnet, identity of the coin, and separation between the magnet and coin, one may induce the coin to be pushed slightly ahead of the magnet-even if the coin contains no magnetic elements, such as the US penny.

The method of deflecting particles in the " Kanalstrahlen " by magnetic fields was discovered by Wilhelm Wien in 1908 ; combining magnetic and electric fields allowed the separation of different ions by their ratio of charge and mass.

With the field absent, the energetic separation of the diabatic states is equal to ; the energy of state increases with increasing magnetic field ( a low-field-seeking state ), while the energy of state decreases with increasing magnetic field ( a high-field-seeking state ).

Small ( nanoscale ) magnetic particles are suspended in solution creating osmotic pressures sufficient for the separation of water from a dilute feed.

His laboratory has developed new methods for analyzing the sources for electrical and magnetic signals recorded from the scalp and hemodynamic signals from functional neuroimaging by blind separation using independent component analysis ( ICA ).

These include high gradient magnetic separation ( HGMS ), high intensity magnetic separation ( HIMS ) and low intensity magnetic separation ( LIMS ).

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale.

However, the use of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance methods to directly measure the mobility of water in living cells contradicts this idea, as it suggests that 85 % of cell water acts like that pure water, while the remainder is less mobile and probably bound to macromolecules.

Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory ( see ROM ), flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices ( e. g. hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape ), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.

Disk storage or disc storage is a general category of storage mechanisms, in which data are digitally recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical methods on a surface layer deposited of one or more planar, round and rotating disks ( or discs ) ( also referred to as the media ).

The high permeability makes mu-metal useful for shielding against static or low-frequency magnetic fields, which cannot be attenuated by other methods.

The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods.

Neuroradiology methods are used in modern neurosurgical diagnosis and treatment, including computer assisted imaging computed tomography ( CT ), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), positron emission tomography ( PET ), magnetoencephalography ( MEG ), and the stereotactic surgery.

Many measures are part of modern psychophysiology including measures of brain activity such as ERPs, brain waves ( electroencephalography, EEG ), fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ), measures of skin conductance ( skin conductance response, SCR ; galvanic skin response, GSR ), cardiovascular measures ( heart rate, HR ; beats per minute, BPM ; heart rate variability, HRV ; vasomotor activity ), muscle activity ( electromyography, EMG ), changes in pupil diameter with thought and emotion ( pupillometry ) and eye movements, recorded via the electro-oculogram ( EOG ) and direction-of-gaze methods.

Alternative methods of scanning include x-ray computed tomography ( CT ), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ), ultrasound and single-photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ).

Common methods are infra-red ( IR ) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy is a widely used resonance method and ultrafast laser methods are also now possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.

There are several reasons for using superconducting magnetic energy storage instead of other energy storage methods.

Many adjustable transformer designs were introduced to compensate for this problematic characteristic of the series circuit, including those employing methods of adjusting the core or bypassing the magnetic flux around part of a coil.

A smaller and lighter fusion reactor might be possible in the future when more sophisticated methods have been devised to control magnetic confinement and prevent plasma instabilities.

It treated several problems that cannot be addressed within the framework of traditional analytic methods: billowing of fluids, rotational motion in gravitating systems, magnetic lines of force, and hydrodynamic instabilities.

Maglev ( derived from magnetic levitation ) is a system of transportation that uses magnetic levitation to suspend, guide and propel vehicles with magnets rather than using mechanical methods, such as wheels, axles and bearings.

* Nikola Tesla was famous for developing the AC motor, the bifilar coil, various devices that used rotating magnetic fields, the alternating current polyphase power distribution systems, the fundamental devices of systems of wireless communication ( legal priority for the invention of radio ), radio frequency oscillators, devices for voltage magnification by standing waves, robotics, logic gates for secure radio frequency communications, devices for x-rays, apparatus for ozone generation, devices for ionized gases, devices for high field emission, devices for charged particle beams, methods for providing extremely low level of resistance to the passage of electrical current, means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations, voltage multiplication circuitry, devices for high voltage discharges, devices for lightning protection and VTOL aircraft.

The service life of these types of potentiometers is typically 1 million to 20 million cycles depending on the materials used during manufacturing and the actuation method ; contact and contactless ( magnetic ) methods are available.

Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.

The above methods are inapplicable when most of the magnetic field path is outside the core.

During these activities, the researchers took functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) scans of the participants ' brains and were " surprised by the results ".

Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation.

It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane ( Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon ).

Diamagnets were first discovered when Sebald Justinus Brugmans observed in 1778 that bismuth and antimony were repelled by magnetic fields.

Early storage devices such as delay lines, punched cards, paper tape, magnetic tape, and magnetic drums were used instead.

This may sound like a serious limitation today, but in an era when most data was stored on magnetic tape such operations were too expensive to contemplate anyway.

The first models were available with 8K words of magnetic core memory as an option, one that practically everyone had to buy, bringing the system cost up to $ 7, 995.

The word is a compound from two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, ēlektron, " amber " ( as electrostatic phenomena were first described as properties of amber by the philosopher Thales ), and μαγνήτης, magnētēs, " magnet " ( the magnetic stones found in antiquity in the vicinity of the Greek city of Magnesia, in Lydia, Asia Minor ).

There were furthermore indications of similar liquid-saltwater layers under the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto, while Ganymede was shown to possess a magnetic field.

The search coil magnetic antennas were mounted on the high-gain antenna feed.

Aethers were invented for the planets to swim in, to constitute electric atmospheres and magnetic effluvia, to convey sensations from one part of our bodies to another, and so on, until all space had been filled three or four times over with aethers ....

Later, other devices, including magnetic tape, were added.

In electronics, magnetic core memory, radar, single electron transistors, and inertial guidance controls were invented or substantially developed by MIT researchers.

In the 1930s this use for mu-metal declined, but by World War II many other uses were found in the electronics industry ( particularly shielding for transformers and cathode ray tubes ) as well as the fuzes inside magnetic mines.

Reflecting the fundamental importance and applicability of MRI in medicine, Paul Lauterbur of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Sir Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their " discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging ".

" The ancient Chinese scientist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) was the first person to write of the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the astronomical concept of true north ( Dream Pool Essays, AD 1088 ), and by the 12th century the Chinese were known to use the lodestone compass for navigation.

This effect systematically increases the orbital magnetic moments that were aligned opposite the field, and decreases the ones aligned parallel to the field ( in accordance with Lenz's law ).

No magnetic field or Martian radiation belts were detected.

When the first scientific satellites were launched in the first half of 1958 — Explorers 1 and 3 by the US, Sputnik 3 by the Soviet Union — they observed an intense ( and unexpected ) radiation belt around Earth, held by its magnetic field.

Three magnetic, iron-oxide nanospheres were chemically linked to one doxorubicin-loaded liposome and formed a 100 nm long nanoparticle chain.

Nanodevices could be observed at work inside the body using MRI, especially if their components were manufactured using mostly < sup > 13 </ sup > C atoms rather than the natural < sup > 12 </ sup > C isotope of carbon, since < sup > 13 </ sup > C has a nonzero nuclear magnetic moment.

Over time I / O systems such as magnetic tape, RS-232 and current loop dumb terminals, punched card readers, and fixed-head disks were added.