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IBM's and later
Mature versions of the Commodore, SWTPC, Atari and Apple home computer systems all featured a disk operating system ( actually called ' DOS ' in the case of the Commodore 64 ( CBM DOS ), Atari 800 ( Atari DOS ), and Apple II machines ( Apple DOS )), as did ( at the other end of the hardware spectrum, and much earlier ) IBM's System / 360, 370 and ( later ) 390 series of mainframes ( e. g., DOS / 360: Disk Operating System / 360 and DOS / VSE: Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage Extended ).
Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. ( born April 19, 1931 ) is a software engineer and computer scientist, best known for managing the development of IBM's System / 360 family of computers and the OS / 360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book The Mythical Man-Month.
The IBM 3270 display terminal subsystem was designed and developed by IBM's Kingston, NY, laboratory ( which later closed during IBM's difficult time in the mid-1990s ).
* Micronetics Design Corporation with a product line called MSM for UNIX and Intel PC platforms ( later ported to IBM's VM operating system, VAX-VMS platforms and Alpha-VMS platforms )
IBM's dominance grew out of their 700 / 7000 series and, later, the development of the 360 series mainframes.
( A week later, IBM's upgraded Blue Gene / L clocked in at 70. 7 teraflops ).
In 1978 he had a significant impact upon IBM's thinking when he outlined his vision of the potential of personal computing to the team that three years later launched the IBM PC.
It was popularized by IBM's SDLC ( later renamed HDLC ), to ensure that the Frame Sync Sequence ( FSS ) never appears in a data frame.
The bracket notation "" was introduced a few years later in IBM's PL / I definition but is now universally recognised.
The details were later made public by IBM's System Reference Library manuals and IBM Systems Journal.
As a result several multi-layer communications protocols were proposed in the 1970s, of which IBM's SNA and ITU-T's X. 25 became dominant later.
It inspired IBM's ( later sold to Lenovo ) ThinkPad design.
The popularity of IBM's first personal computers made the ISA bus, first used on the IBM PC in 1981 and later extended to 16-bit in 1984 with the IBM PC / AT, the undisputed standard expansion bus for personal computers shortly after.
At one time, CMS was also a major environment for e-mail and office productivity ; an important product was IBM's PROFS ( later renamed OfficeVision ).
Although the NDA was later accepted, Digital Research would not accept IBM's proposal of $ 250, 000 in exchange for as many copies as IBM could sell, insisting on the usual royalty-based plan.
This recognition system was later ported to Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing, and IBM's Pen for OS / 2.
Based on the trials, the two machines had comparable computational speed, with a slight advantage for IBM's machine, but the later was favored unanimously for its significantly faster input-output equipment.
The hard disk, which used a Modified Frequency Modulation ( MFM ) interface, was a hit, and was later released in a 10-megabyte version, the ST-412 with which Seagate secured a contract as a major OEM supplier for the IBM XT, IBM's first personal computer to contain a hard disk.
The IMS Database component stores data using a hierarchical model, which is quite different from IBM's later released relational database, DB2.
Unfortunately ICT, and later ICL, was unable to capitalise on this major advantage to make significant inroads into IBM's customer base.
When Cuthbert Hurd became the next PhD to be hired by IBM in 1949, he was offered a position with Eckert, but instead founded the Applied Science Department, and later directed the development of IBM's first commercial stored program computer ( the IBM 701 ) based on the demand demonstrated by applications such as those of Eckert.
But later releases of IBM's CUA documents were not used for Microsoft products, and so CUA became less significant in the Windows environment.

IBM's and attempt
AIX / 370 was IBM's third attempt to offer Unix-like functionality for their mainframe line, specifically the System / 370 ( the prior versions were a TSS / 370 based Unix system developed jointly with AT & T c. 1980, and VM / IX a VM / 370 based system developed jointly with Interactive Systems Corporation c. 1984 ).
Although his career in computing spanned more than two decades, he is mainly remembered in connection with IBM's unsuccessful attempt in 1980 to license CP / M for the IBM PC.
While IBM's attempt at producing a successor to ISA with the Micro Channel Architecture was a technically viable option, it failed in the market due to its proprietary nature and imposed licensing fees.
The IBM PCjr ( read " PC junior ") was IBM's first attempt to enter the home computer market.
It was not until the creation of Deep Blue, IBM's attempt at a computer that could challenge the world's best players, that interest increased again, and two more books were published: Gerald M. Levitt's The Turk, Chess Automaton ( 2000 ), and Tom Standage's The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine, published in 2002.
** IBM's unsuccessful attempt to recapture a dominant share in the PC market with the PS / 2 and OS / 2, the latter being the successor to MS-DOS.
CUA was more than just an attempt to rationalise DOS applications — it was part of a larger scheme to bring together, rationalise and harmonise the overall functions of software and hardware across IBM's entire computing range from microcomputers to mainframes.
CP / CMS formed part of IBM's attempt to build robust time-sharing systems for its mainframe computers.

IBM's and build
Mach 3 led to a number of efforts to port other operating systems parts for the microkernel, including IBM's Workplace OS and several efforts by Apple Computer to build a cross-platform version of the Mac OS.
Aiken, in turn, decided to build further machines without IBM's help, and the ASCC came to be generally known as the Harvard Mark I.

IBM's and computer
EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards and the corresponding six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s.
EISA extends the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC / AT computer, to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus.
Portability was a problem in the early days because there was no agreed standard — not even IBM's reference manual — and computer companies vied to differentiate their offerings from others by providing incompatible features.
In 1988, the Gang of Nine IBM PC compatible manufacturers put forth the 32-bit EISA standard and in the process retroactively renamed the AT bus to " ISA " to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC / AT computer.
Desktop sized programmable calculators by Hewlett Packard had evolved into the HP 9830 BASIC language computer by 1972, with IBM's releasing its own IBM 5100 in 1975.
* May 11 – IBM's Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in the last game of the rematch, the first time a computer beats a chess World champion in a match.
The IBM System i is IBM's previous generation of midrange computer systems for IBM i users, and was subsequently replaced by the IBM Power Systems in April 2008.
IBM first promoted the term " personal computer " to differentiate themselves from other microcomputers, often called " home computers ", and also IBM's own mainframes and minicomputers.
* IBM's 1987 introduction of the incompatible and proprietary MicroChannel Architecture ( MCA ) computer bus, for its Personal System / 2 ( PS / 2 ) line.
The project produced interesting computer architecture and technology, but it was not compatible with IBM's hugely successful System / 360 line of computers.
As part of the settlement, he picked up IBM's subsidiary Service Bureau Corporation ( SBC ), which ran computer processing for other corporations on its own computers.
After IBM's competitor Control Data Corporation ( CDC ) released their computer, IBM announced they planned to sell a more advanced computer soon — its System / 360 Model 91.
It was not until a 1996 match with IBM's Deep Blue that Kasparov lost his first game to a computer at tournament time controls in Deep Blue-Kasparov, 1996, Game 1.
Independent BIOS companies like Award, Chips & Technologies, and Phoenix began to market a clean room BIOS that was 100 % compatible with IBM's, and from that time on any competent computer manufacturer could achieve IBM compatibility as a matter of routine.
Intel and Microsoft had enormous revenues, Compaq and a thousand other makers between them made far more machines than IBM, but the power to decide the shape of the personal computer rested firmly in IBM's hands.
It was a computer cluster based on IBM's commercial RS / 6000 SP computer.
Third party products existed for some areas, but customers then faced the prospect of having to prove which vendor was at fault if, say, a third party printer didn't work correctly with an IBM computer, and IBM's warranties and service agreements often stipulated that they would not support systems with non-IBM components attached.
PC DOS 3. 2 added support for 3½-inch double-density 720 kB floppy disk drives, supporting the IBM PC Convertible, IBM's first computer to use 3½-inch floppy disks, released April 1986.
A working 2-qubit NMR quantum computer used to solve Deutsch's problem was demonstrated by Jonathan A Jones and Michele Mosca at Oxford University and shortly after by Isaac L. Chuang at IBM's Almaden Research Center together with coworkers at Stanford University and MIT.
IBM's 16-bit IBM PC was faster, more advanced, and offered a rapidly growing software library, and Compaq offered a portable computer that was almost 100 % compatible with IBM's offering.

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