In the IBM PC and AT, certain peripheral cards, such as hard-drive controllers and video display adapters, carried their own BIOS extension Option ROM, which provided additional functionality.

Later, IBM provided compilers for the newly developed higher-level programming languages Fortran and COBOL.

IBM enhanced one of GM-NAA I / O's successors, the SHARE Operating System, and provided it to customers under the name IBSYS.

The 5150 could not itself power hard drives without retrofitting a stronger power supply, but IBM later offered the 5161 Expansion Unit, which not only provided more expansion slots, but also included a 10 MB ( later 20 MB ) hard drive powered by the 5161's own separate 130-watt power supply.

The 80286 provided built in memory protection mechanisms which had been almost exclusive to mainframes and minicomputers ( CPUs like the NS320xx and M68000 needed additional components in order to implement MMU functions ) and the large performance enhancements represented by the 80286 and many of its successors would pave the way for the x86 and the IBM PC architecture to extend from low performance personal computers all the way to high-end workstations and servers and even drive the market for other architectures.

Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard ; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PC Jr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.

The only spark that was needed for this combustible situation to ignite was an example of evangelism provided by the " new IBM "-a few employees who took " empowerment " seriously, able to coordinate their efforts through participation in TEAMOS2 FORUM, an internal IBM discussion group )-and passionate supporters outside IBM who adopted the ideas and modeled the behaviors of those who were early activists within IBM ..

He heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal provided

Each SAGE DC provided data to a Combat Center for " supervision of the several sectors within the division " and which had an IBM AN / FSQ-8 Combat Control Central that gave " each combat center the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation "

In 1946, IBM provided land and funding for Triple Cities College, an extension of Syracuse University.

Some early mainframe debuggers such as Oliver and SIMON provided this same functionality for the IBM System / 360 and later operating systems, as long ago as the 1970s.

Older IBM operating systems including OS / 360, DOS / 360, DOS / VS, MVS, VM / 370, and TSS / 370 are either public domain or " copyrighted software provided without charge.

Mass storage was provided by a hard disk that used a removable 2. 5 MB single-platter cartridge ( Diablo Systems, a company Xerox later bought ) similar to those used by the IBM 2310.

* The UNIVAC 90 / 60 Series ( 90 / 60, 90 / 70, 90 / 80 ): Later, more advanced machines such as the Univac 90 / 60 provided systems which featured virtual memory and thus were similar, or equivalent, to later IBM 370 mainframes.

variety of software provided for them by IBM.

The IBM PC AT provided the hardware to do this ( for full backward compatibility with software for the original IBM PC and PC / XT models ), and so all subsequent " AT-class " PC clones did as well.

IBM provided CP / CMS " as is " – without any support, in source code form, as part of the IBM Type-III Library.

In 1981, IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels.

Like Wang systems, MultiMate controlled most editing operations with function keys, assigning four functions to each of the 10 function keys, which IBM initially located at the left side of the keyboard in two vertical rows.

14. 318182 MHz ( four times 3. 579545 MHz ) is used in computer video displays to generate a bitmapped video display for NTSC color monitors, such as the CGA used with the original IBM PC.

In 1996, it was ported from one to four Unix operating systems, including IBM AIX, Silicon Graphics IRIX, Sun Microsystems SunOS, and Hewlett-Packard HP-UX.

The first computer network and packet switching network deployed for computer resource sharing was the Octopus Network at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that began connecting four Control Data 6600 computers to several shared storage devices ( including an IBM 2321 Data Cell in 1968 and an IBM Photostore in 1970 ) and to several hundred Teletype Model 33 ASR terminals for time sharing use starting in 1968.

In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales: Canon, HP, Epson, and Lexmark, a 1991 spin-off from IBM .< REF name =" Auto5I-3 "/>

In the original IBM PC, there was only one Intel 8237 DMA controller capable of providing four DMA channels ( numbered 0-3 ), as part of the so-called Industry Standard Architecture, or ISA.

It was not unusual for this to be another four, five or even six years for the more unfortunate ones, and turned out to be a significant factor in the slow adoption of OS / VS2 MVS, not only by customers in general, but for many internal IBM sites as well.

While the POWER6 features a dual-core processor, each capable of two-way simultaneous multithreading ( SMT ), the IBM POWER7 processor has eight cores, and four threads per core, for a total capacity of 32 simultaneous threads.

In 1965 Benjamin Agusta and his team at IBM created a 16-bit silicon memory chip based on the Farber-Schlig cell, with 80 transistors, 64 resistors, and four diodes.

BOS was one of four System / 360 Operating System Versions developed by the IBM General Products Division ( GPD ) in Endicott, NY to fill a gap at the low end of the System / 360 line when it became apparent that OS / 360 was not able to run on the smallest systems.

MTS was designed to support up to four processors on the IBM S / 360-67, although IBM only produced one ( simplex and half-duplex ) and two ( duplex ) processor configurations of the Model 67.

Over the next four years channel connections to IBM MVS and Univac OS1100 mainframes were introduced, and a Teradata system over one terabyte ( a trillion bytes ) went live.

* The consolidated big four " megavendors ", which are SAP BusinessObjects, IBM Cognos, Oracle Hyperion, and Microsoft BI.

As operating systems began to emerge, having four different mainframe architectures plus the 1400 midline architectures became a major problem for IBM since it meant at least four different programming efforts were required.

Pickover has received more than 100 IBM invention achievement awards, three research division awards, and four external honor awards.

The floppy controller card was the same as found in the IBM XT and supported up to four 360K drives ( two internal, two external ) but was not compatible with the higher-capacity drives then gaining in popularity, notably the 5. 25 " quad-density (" 1. 2MB ") drives that were standard in the IBM AT and 3. 5 " 720K drives.

In 2010, IBM released systems based on the POWER7 processor with 8 cores with each having four Simultaneous Intelligent Threads.

The " standard " straight game adapter connector ( introduced by IBM ) has three ground pins and four + 5V power pins, and the MIDI adaptation replaces one of the grounds and one of the + 5V pins, both on the bottom row of pins, with MIDI In and MIDI Out signal pins.

The software developed by the staff of the University of Michigan's academic Computing Center for the operation of the IBM S / 360-67, S / 370, and compatible computers can be described as a multiprogramming, multiprocessing, virtual memory, time-sharing supervisor ( University of Michigan Multiprogramming Supervisor or UMMPS ) that handles a number of resident, reentrant programs.

Computing Center staff member Mike Alexander sitting at the console of the IBM System 360 Model 67 Duplex at the University of Michigan, 1969

Prior to this, antivirus solutions developed at IBM were intended for staff use only.

The executive staff of the Open Software Foundation included David Tory, President formerly of Computer Associates ; Norma Clarke, Vice-President Human Resources formerly of Mitre Corp .; Marty Ford, Vice-President Finance formerly of Digital Equipment Corp .; Ira Goldstein, Vice-President Research Institute formerly of Hewlett-Packard ; Roger Gourd, Vice-President Engineering formerly of Digital Equipment Corp .; Alex Morrow, Vice-President Strategy formerly of IBM ; Donal O ' Shea, Vice-President of Operations formerly of Unisoft Corp.

IBM designed IBM i as a " turnkey " operating system, requiring little or no on-site attention from IT staff during normal operation.

Indeed, some IBM software products had substantial code contributions from customer programming staff.

This type of programming is progressively less common, but the term systems programmer is still the defacto job title for staff directly administering IBM mainframes.

The staff were motivated to write their own system software for the IBM installation as a result of their dissatisfaction with IBM's own interactive command interpreter TSO.

Coca-Cola's marketing research department used its IBM 1401 computer to generate a list of over 250, 000 four-letter words with one vowel, adding names suggested by the company's own staff ; the list was stripped of any words deemed unpronounceable or too similar to existing trademarks.

Each operating man was judged strictly on his unit's results, and each staff man on his effort toward making IBM the world leader in his specialty.

He lived in Connecticut, where taxes were lower ; but kept his staff across the border in New York State so, it has been suggested, that IBM would not be seen as similarly evading taxes.

They set up a team consisting of IBM engineers led by John Siegfried and a large number of AA's staff led by Malcolm Perry, taken from booking, reservations and ticket sales, calling the effort the Semi-Automated Business Research Environment, or SABRE.

At the same time, IBM introduced a special Linux-only VM-like product, called the S / 390 Virtual Image Facility for Linux, to cater to IT staff previously unfamiliar with IBM mainframes.

IBM soon discovered that z / VM was not too difficult for new IT staff to learn ( and worked better ), so IBM discontinued S / 390 Virtual Image Facility for Linux in April 2002.

IBM wanted to move its research staff out of downtown to a dedicated facility to be sited on unincorporated land south of San Jose, but were being blocked by the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors.

Tsang was formerly a staff at IBM, and also ran his own chain of restaurants known as " I love sushi ".

During the period 1952 to 1954, he was with IBM Corporation in Poughkeepsie, New York, as well as a staff member of the IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University.

He did postdoctoral work at UCLA, and was a Research Fellow at AT & T Bell Laboratories before joining the staff of IBM ’ s Research Division at the Watson Research Center in 1978.

He joined IBM in 1966 as a staff member at its Palo Alto Scientific Center.