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Ibn and Rushd's
Ibn Rushd's education followed a traditional path, beginning with studies in Hadith, linguistics, jurisprudence and scholastic theology.
The works of Ibn Rushd especially became the subject of their study, due in great measure to Maimonides, who, in a letter addressed to his pupil Joseph ben Judah, spoke in the highest terms of Ibn Rushd's commentary.
The works of Ibn Rushd especially became the subject of their study, due in great measure to Maimonides, who, in a letter addressed to his pupil Joseph ben Judah, spoke in the highest terms of Ibn Rushd's commentary.
Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century: ( a ) the Berber doctor and philosopher Averroës or Ibn Rushd's interpretations of Aristotle and his reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Islamic faith ; and ( b ) the application of these ideas in the Latin Christian and Jewish intellectual traditions, such as Siger of Brabant, Boetius of Dacia, and Maimonides.
Another less critical response to Al-Ghazali's arguments was written by Ibn Rushd's predecessor Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) as part of his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan ( later translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus ).

Ibn and book
He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.
For centuries his book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century extracts were published in German and English based on manuscripts discovered in the Middle East, containing abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text.
* Hangzhou — Ibn Battuta referred to this city in his book as " Madinat Alkhansa " مدينة الخنساء.
According to Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, in his book " The Two Faces of Islam ", “ some say that during this vagabondage Ibn Abdul Wahhab came into contact with certain Englishmen who encouraged him to personal ambition as well as to a critical attitude about Islam .” Specifically, Mir ’ at al Harramin, a Turkish work by Ayyub Sabri Pasha, written in 1888, states that in Basra, Abdul Wahhab had come into contact with a British spy by the name of Hempher, who “ inspired in him the tricks and lies that he had learned from the British Ministry of the Commonwealth .”
Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya also mentions the merits of vinegar in his book, Al Tibb al Nabawi ( The Prophetic Medicine ).
His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.
Ibn Sirin ( 654 – 728 ) was renowned for his Ta ' bir al-Ru ' ya and Muntakhab al-Kalam fi Tabir al-Ahlam, a book on dreams.
In a translation of an ancient Nabataean text by Kuthami the Babylonian, Ibn Wahshiyya ( c. 9th-10th century AD ), adds information on his own efforts to ascertain the identity of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book: " How he summoned the king to worship the seven ( planets ) and the twelve ( signs ) and how the king put him to death several times in a cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died ; and behold!
The Sufi teacher Ibn Arabi's book Journey to the Lord of Power ( Risālat al-Anwār ) is a guide to the inner journey that was published over 700 years ago.
Ibn al-Tammar disagreed with Razi's book al-Tibb al-Ruhani but Razi rebutted him in two antitheses:
Ibn Ezra also wrote a commentary on the book of Ecclesiastes.
Ibn Ezra composed his first book on astrology in Italy, before his move to France:
In seven books written in Béziers in 1147 – 1148 Ibn Ezra then composed a systematic presentation of astrology, starting with an introduction and a book on general principles, and then five books on particular branches of the subject.
This book is Ibn Sina ’ s major work on science and philosophy.
Mona Nasser Aida Tibi and Emilie Savage-Smith note: " The enduring respect in the 21st century for a book written a millennium earlier is testimony to Ibn Sina's achievement.
Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) is considered the father of modern medicine, for his introduction of experimental medicine and clinical trials, the experimental use and testing of drugs, and a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical substances, in his medical encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine ( 11th century ), which was the first book dealing with experimental medicine.
Ibn al-Nafis described his book Theologus Autodidactus as a defense of " the system of Islam and the Muslims ' doctrines on the missions of Prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world.
( from book of prophets stories for Ibn Kathiir ).
Ibn Killis then informed Al-Muizz it was written in " the book of the Nazarenes " ( meaning the New Testament ) that, " If you have faith as a mustard seed, you will say to the mountain move from here to there, and it will move " ( Matt.
# Ibn Bibi, the writer of the history book, Al-Awamir al -' Alaiyah, written during the era of ' Ala ad-din KayGhobad
# The Arab historian Ibn Athir remarks in his book, Al-Kamil, that, " If we name it the Quran of ' Ajam, we have not said something in vain.
Ibn ‘ Arabī learned the recitation of the Qur ' an from the book of Al-Kafi in the seven different Qira ' at.
Stephen Hartenstein writes in his book Unlimited Mercifier: “ It is from his return from Tunis, we find the first evidence of Ibn ‘ Arabī beginning to write ; later in 1194, he wrote one of his first major works, Mashāhid al-Asrār al-Qudusiyya ( Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries ) for the companions of al-Mahdawī and perhaps around the same time, in a space of four days, also composed the voluminous Tadbīrāt al-Ilāhiyya ( Divine Governance ) in Mawrūr for Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al-Mawrūrī .” ( Hirtenstein 91 )
He said to Ibn ‘ Arabī, " You should circumambulate in my footstep and observe me in the light of my moon, so that you may take from my constitution that which you write in your book and transmit to your readers.

Ibn and Incoherence
Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus.
Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) is most famous for his commentaries on Aristotle's works and for writing The Incoherence of the Incoherence in which he defended the falasifa against al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus.
In The Incoherence of the Philosophers, Al-Ghazali launched a philosophical critique against Neoplatonic-influenced early Islamic philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina.
Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Philosophus Autodidactus as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
The cosmological argument was first introduced by Aristotle and later refined by Al-Kindi, Al-Ghazali ( The Incoherence of the Philosophers ), and Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ).
Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) wrote a refutation of Al-Ghazali's work entitled The Incoherence of the Incoherence ( Tahāfut al-Tahāfut ) in which he defends the doctrines of the philosophers and criticizes al-Ghazali's own arguments.
The classical 12th century Islamic philosopher, Abubacer ( Ibn Tufail ), wrote a fictional Arabic narrative Philosophus Autodidactus as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then the 13th century Islamic theologian-philosopher Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional narrative Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Abubacer's Philosophus Autodidactus.

Ibn and attempted
" In July 2002, DIA assessed " It is plausible al-Qa ' ida attempted to obtain CB assistance from Iraq and Ibn al-Shaykh is sufficiently senior to have access to such sensitive information.
Many attempted to find a proof by contradiction, including Persian mathematicians Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen, 11th century ), Omar Khayyám ( 12th century ) and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī ( 13th century ), and the Italian mathematician Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri ( 18th century ).
Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time.
Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive scientific knowledge in anatomy, biology, physiology, astronomy, cosmology and geology.
However, in the early thirteenth century, Ibn Ghaniya attempted to restore Almoravid control of the Maghreb.
Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using his own extensive scientific knowledge in anatomy, biology, physiology, astronomy, cosmology and geology.
There is some contradiction in the modern record: According to some secondary sources, about 20 years before Ibn Firnas attempted to fly he may have witnessed Firman as he wrapped himself in a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts and jumped from a tower in Córdoba, intending to use the garment as wings on which he could glide.
Ibn Firnas is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, in honour of Abbas Ibn Firnas ( a polymath from Andalucia, Spain ), who is regarded as the first man to have attempted flying with evidence of some success.
Ibn Firnas investigated means of flight and was apparently injured due to a trial in which he attempted to fly off of a cliff using wings.

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