A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.

Mather also took inspiration from Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a philosophical novel by Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( whom he refers to as " Abubekar "), a 12th-century Islamic philosopher.

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

During the middle ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.

In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Islamic philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail ( known as " Abubacer " or " Ebn Tophail " in the West ) demonstrated the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment through his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child " from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society " on a desert island, through experience alone.

The writings of Avicenna, Ibn Tufail and Aquinas on the tabula rasa theory stood unprogressed for several centuries.

* Tufail, Ibn, The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan ( Hayy ibn Yaqzan ), Simon Ockley ( trans.

Hayy ibn Yaqdhan an Islamic philosophical tale ( or thought experiment ) by Ibn Tufail from 12th-century Andalusia, straddles the divide between the religious and the secular.

* Ibn Tufail, Arab philosopher, physician, and courtier ( b. c. 1105 )

* Ibn Tufail, Andalusian philosopher, physician and official ( approximate date ; d. 1185 ).

Ibn Rushd began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail (" Aben Tofail " to the West ), the author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and philosophic vizier of Almohad king Abu Yaqub Yusuf who was an amateur of philosophy and science.

It was Ibn Tufail who introduced him to the court and to Ibn Zuhr (" Avenzoar " to the West ), the great Muslim physician, who became Averroes's teacher and friend.

Averroes later reported how it was also Ibn Tufail that inspired him to write his famous commentaries on Aristotle:

However, while the thought of his mentors Ibn Tufail and Ibn Bajjah were mystic to an extent, the thought of Averroes was purely rationalist.

Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel.

Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan ( Philosophus Autodidactus ) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus.

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

Ibn Idhari wrote that the name was suggested by Ibn Yasin in the " persevering in the fight " sense, to boost morale after a particularly hard-fought battle in the Draa valley c. 1054, in which they had taken many losses.

In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar ( d. 1248 ) also wrote on botany.

Meanwhile, around 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer, ' Abul Fada ' il Ibn al -' Assal, wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic.

Ibn Abd-el-Hakem was an Egyptian who wrote the History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain, which was the earliest Arab account of the Islamic conquests of those countries.

In 984, the Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise " On burning mirrors and lenses ", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

Around the 970s an Arabic envoy Ibn Sulaym went to Dongola and wrote an account afterwards ; it is now our most important source for this period.

The great 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun, wrote: " the Black nations are, as a rule, submissive to slavery, because ( Blacks ) have little that is ( essentially ) human and possess attributes that are quite similar to those of dumb animals ".

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

Ibn Ezra hinted, and Bonfils explicitly stated, that Joshua wrote these verses many years after the death of Moses.

Ibn Wahshiya wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.

Ibn al-Athir wrote: " They Muslims were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks.

He also made a compilation of the works of Galen, and wrote a commentary on the Canon of Medicine ( Qanun fi't-tibb ) of Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) ( 980-1037 ).

In the tenth century, the Arabic scholar Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) also wrote about observing a solar eclipse through a pinhole, and he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pinhole smaller.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote extensively on optics and the anatomy of the eye in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ).

* c. 1248 – Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.

Ibn al-Astarkuwi or al-Ashtarkuni ( d. 1134 ) also wrote in the genre maqamat, comparable to later European picaresque novels.

The 10th-century Persian scientist Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote about naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras.