If the carriers are holes, replace electron density by the negative of the hole density.

If the core becomes sufficiently dense, electron degeneracy pressure will play a significant part in stabilizing it against gravitational collapse.

If this binding energy is higher than the energy provided by kicks from oscillating atoms in the conductor ( which is true at low temperatures ), then the electron pair will stick together and resist all kicks, thus not experiencing resistance.

If electrons ' move ' about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way planets orbit the sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds which far exceed the speed of light.

Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: If Alice wishes to transmit a " 0 ", she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob's state to either or.

If the photon energy is too low, the electron is unable to escape the material.

If the photon energy is absorbed, some of the energy liberates the electron from the atom, and the rest contributes to the electron's kinetic energy as a free particle.

If the bias is small, we can let U − E ≈ φM in the expression for κ, where φM, the work function, gives the minimum energy needed to bring an electron from an occupied level, the highest of which is at the Fermi level ( for metals at T = 0 kelvins ), to vacuum level.

If it does, it will develop into a red giant as described for mid-sized stars below, but never fuse helium as they do ; otherwise, it will simply contract until electron degeneracy pressure halts its collapse, becoming first a blue dwarf and then a white dwarf.

If the mass of the core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, electron degeneracy pressure will be unable to support its weight against the force of gravity, and the core will undergo sudden, catastrophic collapse to form a neutron star or ( in the case of cores that exceed the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit ), a black hole.

If the SEM is equipped with a cold stage for cryo-microscopy, cryofixation may be used and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy performed on the cryogenically fixed specimens.

:: If Alice wishes to transmit a ' 0 ', she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob's state to either | z +>< sub > B </ sub > or | z ->< sub > B </ sub >.

If Alice wishes to transmit a ' 1 ', she measures the spin of her electron in the x direction, collapsing Bob's state to either | x +>< sub > B </ sub > or | x ->< sub > B </ sub >.

If the material under investigation is only available in the form of nanocrystalline powders or suffers from poor crystallinity, the methods of electron crystallography can be applied for determining the atomic structure.

If an electron is forbidden from simultaneously occupying positive-energy and negative-energy eigenstates, the feature known as Zitterbewegung, which arises from the interference of positive-energy and negative-energy states, would have to be considered to be an unphysical prediction of time-dependent Dirac theory.

In that case, the penetration depth also varies exponentially with temperature T. If there are nodes in the energy gap as in the d symmetry HTS, electron pair can more easily be broken, the superfluid density should have a stronger temperature dependence, and the penetration depth is expected to increase as a power of T at low temperatures.

If the photon's energy is greater than the substance's work function, photoelectric emission occurs and the electron is liberated from the surface.

If the sedimentation rate is low ( about 1 cm / kyr ), the organic carbon content is low ( about 1 % ), and oxygen is abundant, aerobic bacteria can use up all the organic matter in the sediments faster than oxygen is depleted, so lower-energy electron acceptors are not used.

If the photon is of lower energy, but still has sufficient energy ( in general a few eV to a few keV, corresponding to visible light through soft X-rays ), it can eject an electron from its host atom entirely ( a process known as the photoelectric effect ), instead of undergoing Compton scattering.

If the potential energy is set to zero at infinite distance from the atomic nucleus or molecule, the usual convention, then bound electron states have negative potential energy.

If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level.

If the energy absorbed exceeds this potential, then the electron is emitted as a free electron.

If Franklin was an authentic genius, then Alexander Hamilton, with his exceptional precocity, consuming energy, and high ambition, was a political prodigy.

`` If I could only think of something at the studio, near me, to absorb his boundless energy '', I said.

If Af is the change per unit volume in Gibbs function caused by the shear field at constant P and T, and **yr is the density of the fluid, then the total potential energy of the system above the reference height is Af.

If such is the case, the particles within a distance of about Af of the Earth will have, relative to the Earth, a kinetic energy less than their potential energy and they will be captured into orbits about the Earth.

* If you want to be happy, set a goal that commands your thoughts, liberates your energy, and inspires your hopes.

If there are g ( E ) dE states with energy E to E + dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:

If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed.

If rotation is arrested, the energy stored in fashioning the concave surface must be dissipated, for example through friction, before an equilibrium flat surface is restored.

If the universe is flat, there must be an additional component making up 73 % ( in addition to the 23 % dark matter and 4 % baryons ) of the energy density of the universe.

If there is one particular coordinate change that leads to a decrease in the total energy in both directions, the stationary point is a transition structure and the coordinate is the reaction coordinate.

If a reaction results in a small energy release making way for more energy releases in an expanding chain, then the system will typically collapse explosively until much or all of the stored energy has been released.

If the depletion layer is large enough to catch the whole shower or to stop a heavy particle, a fairly accurate measurement of the particle ’ s energy can be made, simply by measuring the charge conducted and without the complexity of a magnetic spectrometer, etc.

If there is a change in the potential energy of a system ; for example μ < sub > 1 </ sub >> μ < sub > 2 </ sub > ( μ is Chemical potential ) an energy flow will occur from S < sub > 1 </ sub > to S < sub > 2 </ sub >, because nature always prefers low energy and maximum entropy.

If the energetic material in these items inadvertently initiates, most of the energy and fragments will be contained within the storage structure or the item containers themselves.

If time, space, and energy are secondary features derived from a substrate below the Planck scale, then Einstein's hypothetical algebraic system might resolve the EPR paradox ( although Bell's theorem would still be valid ).

If FLARE provided the XM-291 gun project with the sufficient radiative heat to ignite the propellant to achieve a muzzle energy of 17 MJ one could only imagine the possibilities with a fully developed FLARE plasma igniter.

If there is insufficient kinetic energy, however, the group may evolve into a smaller number of galaxies through mergers.

If hammering downwards gravity will increase the acceleration during the hammer stroke and increase the energy delivered with each blow.

If hammering upwards gravity will reduce the acceleration during the hammer stroke and therefore reduce the energy delivered with each blow.