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Page "Distillation" ¶ 28
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If and difference
If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two, one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke.
If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes, the State's allotment percentage must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme.
If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes, the State's Federal share must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme.
If A is the major axis of an ellipsoid and B and C are the other two axes, the radius of curvature in the ab plane at the end of the axis Af, and the difference in pressure along the A and B axes is Af.
If it is assumed that the formula given by Lodge of cosec Af applies, the pressure difference along the major axes can be calculated from the angle of inclination of the major axis, and from this the interfacial tension can be calculated.
If anyone asked us, after we made the remark that the suffering was a bad thing, whether we should think it relevant to what we said to learn that the incident had never occurred and no pain had been suffered at all, we should say that it made all the difference in the world, that what we were asserting to be bad was precisely the suffering we thought had occurred back there, that if this had not occurred, there was nothing left to be bad, and that our assertion was in that case mistaken.
If there is a substantial difference between characters ' ranks, the conflict is generally over before the weaker character can react.
If a woman is uncomfortable with her breasts ' asymmetry, she can minimize the difference with a corrective bra or use gel bra inserts.
If evolutionary processes are blind to the difference between function F being performed by conscious organism O and non-conscious organism O *, it is unclear what adaptive advantage consciousness could provide.
If there is a significant ( greater than 10 %) difference between cylinders, that may be an indication that valves or cylinder head gaskets are leaking, piston rings are worn or that the block is cracked.
If F ( r ) represents gravity, it is a negative term proportional to 1 / r < sup > 2 </ sup >, so the net acceleration in r in the rotating frame depends on a difference of reciprocal square and reciprocal cube terms, which are in balance in a circular orbit but otherwise typically not.
If Wisda's Landscaping breaks the contract, and Neal Townsend is forced to hire another service for $ 60 an hour, expectation ( direct ) damages paid to Neal Townsend would equal $ 100 ($ 10 an hour, the difference in price between the original contract and the new contract ).
If the initial value of a polynomial ( and of its finite differences ) is calculated by some means for some value of X, the difference engine can calculate any number of nearby values, using the method generally known as the method of finite differences.
If the viewing distance is large compared with the separation of the slits ( the far field ), the phase difference can be found using the geometry shown in the figure below right.
If the interest rate after six months is above the contract rate, the seller will pay the difference to the corporation, or FRA buyer.
If the rate is lower, the corporation will pay the difference to the seller.
If the two input signals are both sinusoids of specified frequencies f < sub > 1 </ sub > and f < sub > 2 </ sub >, then the output of the mixer will contain two new sinsoids that have the sum f < sub > 1 </ sub > + f < sub > 2 </ sub > frequency and the difference frequency absolute value | f < sub > 1 </ sub >-f < sub > 2 </ sub >|.
If no salt bridge were used, this charge difference would prevent further flow of electrons.
If an arithmetic mean was used instead of a geometric mean, the financial viability is given more weight because its numeric range is larger-so a small percentage change in the financial rating ( e. g. going from 80 to 90 ) makes a much larger difference in the arithmetic mean than a large percentage change in environmental sustainability ( e. g. going from 2 to 5 ).
If we brought Tina's mommy, Ike might not notice the difference, but he doesn't get what he wants.
If a crest of one wave meets a trough of another wave then the magnitude of the displacements is equal to the difference in the individual magnitudes – this is known as destructive interference.
If the inflation-adjusted prices of the various metals rose in the interim, Simon would pay Ehrlich the combined difference.

If and vapor
If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed.
If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature is known, the normal boiling point can be calculated by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation thus:
If one component changes another component's vapor pressure, or if the volatility of a component is dependent on its percentage in the mixture, the law will fail.
If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the packed bed and the required separation will not be achieved.
If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid.
) If the vapor is in contact with a liquid or solid phase, the two phases will be in a state of equilibrium.
If a pure solute which has zero vapor pressure ( it will not evaporate ) is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure of the final solution will be lower than that of the pure solvent.
If the vapor pressure is less than predicted ( a negative deviation ), fewer molecules of each component than expected have left the solution in the presence of the other component, indicating that the forces between unlike molecules are stronger.
If the system is at equilibrium, then the chemical potential of the component i must be the same in the liquid solution and in the vapor above it.
If the vapor pressure of a mixture is lower than expected from Raoult's law, there is said to be a negative deviation.
If the deviation is large, then the vapor pressure curve will show a maximum at a particular composition and form a positive azeotrope.
If the air contains water vapor, then cooling of the air can cause the water to condense, and the behavior is no longer that of an ideal gas.
If the air is at the saturated vapor pressure, then the rate at which temperature drops with height is called the saturated adiabatic lapse rate.
If the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, it normally sheds vapor it can no longer retain which condenses into cloud.
If the condensation process occurs below the freezing level in the troposphere, the nuclei help transform the vapor into very small water droplets.
If a surface heating the liquid is significantly hotter than the liquid then film boiling will occur, where a thin layer of vapor, which has low thermal conductivity, insulates the surface.
If the vapor is re-condensed, the layers will reform in the condensate, and will do so in a fixed ratio, which in this case is 4. 4 % of the volume in the top layer and 95. 6 % in the bottom layer.
If enough water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, these droplets may become large enough to fall to the ground as precipitation.
If the water vapor condenses back to a liquid or solid phase onto a surface, the latent energy absorbed during evaporation is released as sensible heat onto the surface.
If the system at State A is isobarically heated ( heating with no change in system pressure ) then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the saturated vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature.
If the saturated liquid is a single-component liquid ( for example, liquid propane or liquid ammonia ), a part of the liquid immediately " flashes " into vapor.
If the saturated liquid is a multi-component liquid ( for example, a mixture of propane, isobutane and normal butane ), the flashed vapor is richer in the more volatile components than is the remaining liquid.

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