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If and modulation
If, the modulation is called narrowband FM, and its bandwidth is approximately.
If, the modulation is called wideband FM and its bandwidth is approximately.
If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases.
If the oscillator operates above the audio frequency range (> 20 kHz ), the generator will often include some sort of modulation function such as amplitude modulation ( AM ), frequency modulation ( FM ), or phase modulation ( PM ) as well as a second oscillator that provides an audio frequency modulation waveform.
If there is a ΔA, then a small AC voltage will be present that corresponds to the modulation frequency, ω.
If the frequency of modulation is matched to the round-trip time of the cavity, then some light in the cavity sees repeated up-shifts in frequency, and some repeated down-shifts.
If there is a predominance of either 90 Hz or 150 Hz modulation, the aircraft is off the centerline.
If the sidebands are out of phase with each other, then phase modulation ( PM ) of the carrier occurs.
If the signals are wideband, this will cause aliasing distortion, so it is common to oversample the operation or low-pass filter the signals prior to ring modulation.
If the frequency of the pulse-width modulation is too low and or the user is very sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eye-strain, similar to the flicker of CRT displays.
If double-sideband modulation schemes such as QAM, ASK, PSK or OFDM are used, this results in a maximum symbol rate of W symbols / s, and in that the modulation efficiency can not exceed N ( bit / s )/ Hz.
If digital single-sideband modulation is used, the passband signal with bandwidth W corresponds to a baseband message signal with baseband bandwidth W, resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2W and an attainable modulation efficiency of 2N ( bit / s )/ Hz.
If a forward error correction code is used, the spectral efficiency is reduced from the uncoded modulation efficiency figure.
: Example 6: If a forward error correction ( FEC ) code with code rate 1 / 2 is added, meaning that the encoder input bit rate is one half the encoder output rate, the spectral efficiency is 50 % of the modulation efficiency.
: Example 7: If the SNR is 1 times expressed as a ratio, corresponding to 0 decibel, the link spectral efficiency can not exceed 1 ( bit / s )/ Hz for error-free detection ( assuming an ideal error-correcting code ) according to Shannon-Hartley regardless of the modulation and coding.
If lock-in detection is used, then an A. C. modulation voltage is applied to the D. C. tip-sample bias during the bias sweep and the A. C. component of the current in-phase with the modulation voltage is recorded.
If the source has enough modulation bandwidth, as in the case of a laser diode, the source can be modulated directly.

If and rate
Mr. Richard Preston, executive director of the New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission, in his remarks to the Governors Conference on Industrial Development at Providence on October 8, 1960, warned against the fallacy of attempting to attract industry solely to reduce the tax rate or to underwrite municipal services such as schools when he said: `` If this is the fundamental reason for a community's interest or if this is the basic approach, success if any will be difficult to obtain ''.
If this threefold division of costs were to have its counterpart in the actual rates of charge for service, as it actually does have in some rates, there would result a three-part rate for any one class of service.
If a flame is held before the lips while these words are spoken, it flickers more during aspirated nitrate than during unaspirated night rate.
If a pitcher throws 100 pitches at which batters swing, and the batters fail to make contact on 26 of them, the pitcher's whiff rate is 26 %.
If the slope / cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate then a cliff made of bedrock.
If the capital gains tax rate is 50 % ( like Germany ) and the company sells the stock,
If the decrease during exhalation drops the heart rate below 60 bpm on each breath, this type of bradycardia is usually deemed benign and a sign of good autonomic tone.
If a 2, 000 ( lb / ac )/ year sequestration rate was achieved on all of cropland in the United States, nearly 1. 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide would be sequestered per year, mitigating close to one quarter of the country's total fossil fuel emissions.
If the grade is known, then the rate of ascent can be calculated using trigonometry.
If a nation continues on this path without resistance, Gini claimed the nation would enter a final decadent stage where the nation would degenerate as noted by decreasing birth rate, decreasing cultural output, and the lack of imperial conquest.
If objects are seen as moving within a rotating frame, this movement results in another fictitious force, the Coriolis force ; and if the rate of rotation of the frame is changing, a third fictitious force, the Euler force is experienced.
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1 %; however, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50 – 60 %.
If the function f is not linear ( i. e. its graph is not a straight line ), however, then the change in y divided by the change in x varies: differentiation is a method to find an exact value for this rate of change at any given value of x.
If the diet plan includes a daily caloric intake greater than the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ), the person will most likely lose fat.
If an interlaced video has a frame rate of 15 frames per second the field rate is 30 fields per second.
If the amount to be paid at time 0 ( now ) for all the future cash flows is known, then that amount can be substituted for DPV and the equation can be solved for i, that is the internal rate of return.
If that $ 50, 000 is amortized over the three years, his implied annual return ( known as the internal rate of return ) would be about 14. 5 %.
If the interest rate after six months is above the contract rate, the seller will pay the difference to the corporation, or FRA buyer.
If the rate is lower, the corporation will pay the difference to the seller.
If the vagus nerve on the first heart was stimulated, negative inotropic ( beat amplitude ) and chronotropic ( beat rate ) activity were seen in both hearts.
If the ticking rate is everywhere almost this same, the fractional rate of change is the same as the absolute rate of change, so that:

If and f
If F is an antiderivative of f, and the function f is defined on some interval, then every other antiderivative G of f differs from F by a constant: there exists a number C such that G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C for all x.
If we define the function f ( n ) = A ( n, n ), which increases both m and n at the same time, we have a function of one variable that dwarfs every primitive recursive function, including very fast-growing functions such as the exponential function, the factorial function, multi-and superfactorial functions, and even functions defined using Knuth's up-arrow notation ( except when the indexed up-arrow is used ).
If f is not a function, but is instead a partial function, it is called a partial operation.
The tensor product X ⊗ Y from X and Y is a K-vector space Z with a bilinear function T: X × Y → Z which has the following universal property: If T ′: X × Y → Z ′ is any bilinear function into a K-vector space Z ′, then only one linear function f: Z → Z ′ with exists.
If f is also surjective and therefore bijective ( since f is already defined to be injective ), then S is called countably infinite.
If we attempt to use the above formula to compute the derivative of f at zero, then we must evaluate 1 / g ′( f ( 0 )).
If k, m, and n are 1, so that and, then the Jacobian matrices of f and g are.
If f is a function of as above, then the second derivative of is:
If we let f be a function
If a probability distribution has a density function f ( x ), then the mean is
If the limit exists, then f is differentiable at a.
If f is a continuous function, meaning that its graph is an unbroken curve with no gaps, then Q is a continuous function away from.
If the limit exists, meaning that there is a way of choosing a value for Q ( 0 ) that makes the graph of Q a continuous function, then the function f is differentiable at a, and its derivative at a equals Q ( 0 ).
If y = f ( x ) is differentiable at a, then f must also be continuous at a.
If in the third identity we take H = G, we get that the set of commutators is stable under any endomorphism of G. This is in fact a generalization of the second identity, since we can take f to be the conjugation automorphism.
If f is a surjection and a ~ b ↔ f ( a ) = f ( b ), then g is a bijection.
If m and n are natural numbers and f ( x ) is a smooth ( meaning: sufficiently often differentiable ) function defined for all real numbers x in the interval, then the integral

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