Ivan Illich (; Vienna, 4 September 1926 – Bremen, 2 December 2002 ) was an Austrian philosopher, Roman Catholic priest, and " maverick social critic " of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects on the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, transportation, and economic development.

" In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed as the vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, " a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out — Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican ’ s pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the bomb.

" It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as " educational " leaders.

At the CIDOC, " Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy ’ s Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups.

Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei, Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a report from the CIA.

In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz.

The book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention was Deschooling Society ( 1971 ), a radical critical discourse on education as practised in " modern " economies.

; Ivan Illich: Ivan Illich ( 1926 – 2002 ) was a libertarian-socialist social thinker, with roots in the Catholic Church, who wrote critiques of technology, energy use and compulsory education.

This was highlighted in a number of popular sayings in Russian, including " From Illich to Illich < nowiki >< nowiki ></ nowiki >... without accident or stroke!

Although some note that Bell has coined the term, according to other sources, before Bell, the term was also used routinely by the Latin American social philosopher Ivan Illich in his book Tools for Conviviality.

Guy Illich Severin was the General Director and General Designer of the company since 1964 up to 2008.

It was popularized by Ivan Illich in his 1971 book Deschooling Society.

His work featured a concern for the social impact of technology and was influenced by the philosophy of Ivan Illich.

Felsenstein was influenced in his philosophy by the works of Ivan Illich, particularly " Tools for Conviviality " ( Harper and Row, 1973 ).

The idea of a virtual university as an institution that used computers and telecommunications instead of buildings and transport to bring students and teachers together for university courses was first published in works like " De-Schooling Society " by Ivan Illich that introduced the concept of the use of computer networks as switchboards for learning, in 1970.

Replying to this type of criticism, the Russian Marxist Isaak Illich Rubin argued that the concept of abstract labour was really much more complex than it seemed at first sight.

: Specific diseconomy is another term Illich used, as a measure of the degree of institutional counterproductivity that is occurring — referring to the exact degree to which, for example, the medical industry induces illness, educational institutions induce ignorance, the judicial system perpetuates injustice, or national defense may make a nation less secure.

* 2002 – Ivan Illich, Austrian priest and philosopher ( b. 1926 )

In his paper Hospitality and Pain, Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: " Compassion with Christ ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain.

Ivan Illich, the historian and social critic, can be read as an apophatic theologian, according to a longtime collaborator, Lee Hoinacki, in a paper presented in memory of Illich, called " Why Philia?

Colin Ward in his main theorectical publication Anarchy in Action ( 1973 ) in a chapter called " Schools No Longer " " discusses the genealogy of education and schooling, in particular examining the writings of Everett Reimer and Ivan Illich, and the beliefs of anarchist educator Paul Goodman.

He draws the same distinction as Ivan Illich, between tools that stay under the control of the user, and technological systems that draw the user into their control.

* Ivan Illich

* Ivan Illich

* Ivan Illich: Tools for Conviviality ( 1973 )

He soon encountered books by other authors questioning the premises and efficacy of compulsory schooling, including Deschooling Society by Ivan Illich ( 1970 ) and No More Public School by Harold Bennet ( 1972 ).

Also during this year, Ivan Illich described computer-based " learning webs " in his book Deschooling Society.

: The main notion of Ivan Illich is the concept of counterproductivity: when institutions of modern industrial society impede their purported aims.

For example, Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if you add the time spent to work to earn the money to buy a car, the time spent in the car ( including traffic jam ), the time spent in the health care industry because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil industry to fuel cars ... etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year per person divided by 1600 hours per year per American equals 6 km per hour.

* Ivan Illich Archives

* Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown, KPFA-March 22, 1996

* American Educational Research Association Ivan Illich Special Interest Group website

*" Remembering Ivan Illich " Whole Earth Magazine, Spring 2003

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Illich had Italian, Spanish, French, and German as native languages.

In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación ( CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center ) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program initiated by John F. Kennedy.

Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development.

In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own " institutionalization ," shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC.

Illich himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s ( having attained the rank of monsignor ), but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany.

In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen.

" Illich proposed that we should " invert the present deep structure of tools " in order to " give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency.

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also known as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack.

Others have since voiced similar views, but none so trenchantly, perhaps, as Illich.