He was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV ( 1243 – 54 ), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV ( 1254 – 61 ), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV ( 1261 – 64 ), and succeeded Pope John XXI ( 1276 – 77 ) after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See resolved in the papal election of 1277, largely through family influence.

From about 1277, due to already widespread use, St George's cross officially became the national flag of England.

An ancient letter from one Emmerich of Elwangen to Grimaldus, abbot of St. Gall, written about 860 mention Vlachs, under the name of Dacians, living north of Danube together with Germans, Sarmatians, and Alans ; and " the World Chronicle of 1277, referring to the ninth century ," possibly mistakens these Dacians for Wallachians.

** Margaret, Lady of Molinot ( 1229 – 1277 ), married William, count of Mont St Jean

St Peter's Collegiate Church, Ruthin was built by John de Grey in 1310, following the erection of Ruthin Castle by his father, Reginald de Grey in 1277.

The apsis is dominated by the marble ciborium, modelled after the one in St. Mark's in Venice, it was built in 1277 on the orders of by Otto, Bishop of Poreč.

Some of Thomas Aquinas ' propositions were condemned by the local Bishop of Paris ( not the Magisterium ) in 1270 and 1277, but his dedication to the use of philosophy to elucidate theology was so thorough that he was proclaimed a saint in 1328 and a Doctor of the Church in 1568.

From roughly 1277 to 1567, it dominated the philosophic landscape.

Finally, Nicholas III ( pope 1277 – 1280 ) adopted this version both for the curia and for the basilicas of Rome, and thus made its position secure.

A mercury clock, described in the Libros del saber, a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works, is sometimes quoted as evidence for Muslim knowledge of a mechanical clock.

Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, Baibars ( 1260 – 1277 ) conquered Palestine and the Mamluks ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of Syria.

Then in 1277, Maria of Antioch sold her claim to the kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who sent Roger of San Severino to represent him.

Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Qalawun.

* Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174 – 1277.

79, No. 4 ( December 1985 ), p. 1277

Explosive land mines were being used in 1277 AD by the Song Dynasty Chinese against an assault of the Mongols, who were besieging a city in southern China.

The first recorded inhabitants of the area are some 50, 000 people seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277, during the Southern Song Dynasty.

For example, Konstantin Asen-a former nobleman from Skopje-ruled as tsar of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277.

Members of the Orsini include popes Celestine III ( 1191 – 1198 ), Nicholas III ( 1277 – 1280 ), and Benedict XIII ( 1724 – 1730 ), 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and numerous condottieri and other significant political and religious figures.

Pope John XXI, born Pedro Julião ( Latin, Petrus Iulianus ( c. 1215 – 20 May 1277 ), a Portuguese often identified with Pedro Hispano ( Latin, Petrus Hispanus ; English, Peter of Spain ), was Pope from 1276 until his death about eight months later.

On 14 May 1277, while the pope was alone in this apartment, it collapsed ; John was buried under the ruins and died on 20 May in consequence of the serious injuries he had received.

He became Protodeacon of the Sacred College in November 1277 and as such, he crowned Popes Nicholas III on 26 December 1277 and Martin IV on 23 March 1281.

Pope Gregory IX considered, but did not put into effect, the idea of extending this missal, as revised by the Franciscans, to the whole Western Church ; and in 1277 Pope Nicholas III ordered it to be accepted in all churches in the city of Rome.

Sometime between 1277 and 1279, Bacon was probably imprisoned or placed under house arrest.

* Confirming the descriptions of bulkhead hull compartments for Chinese sailing ships in Zhu Yu's Pingzhou Table Talks of 1119, a large Song Dynasty trade ship of c. 1277 A. D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern coast of China that had 12 bulkhead compartment rooms in its hull.

Ottone Visconti unsuccessfully led a group of exiles against the city in 1263, but after years of escalating violence on all sides, finally, after the victory in the Battle of Desio ( 1277 ), he won the city for his family.

Oosterhout is mentioned for the first time in 1277, although archaeological excavations showed the existence of human settlements in the area in prehistoric times.

Pembroke Castle became de Valence's military base for fighting the Welsh princes, during the conquest of North Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1295.

At the Maragha observatory, Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī ( d. 1277 ), in his Hikmat al -' Ain, wrote an argument for a heliocentric model, but later abandoned the model.

Aristotle's physical writings began to be discussed openly, and at a time when Aristotle's method was permeating all theology, these treatises were sufficient to cause his prohibition for heterodoxy in the Condemnations of 1210 – 1277.

His first notable work were the mosaic cycles for the Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura, with stories from the New and Old Testament ( 1277 – 1285 ).

In 1277 ( or between 1277 and 1280 ), Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king Ladislaus IV of Hungary ( 1272 – 1290 ) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay tribute.

# Şemseddin I. Mehmed Bey ( 1261 – 1277 ), notable for making Turkish official language

According to Ahmad Y. Hassan, a mercury escapement in a Spanish work for Alfonso X in 1277 can be traced back to earlier Arabic sources.

The town is known for the ruins of Rhuddlan Castle, built by Edward I of England from 1277 to 1282, and for the site of another castle at Twthill, built by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan about 1072.

The elements were designed for average operation temperature of 2330 ° F ( 1277 ° C ); the autoignition point of the reactor base plates was only 150 ° C higher.

He returned to Tripoli in 1277 and immediately made peace with Qalawun, the Mamluk sultan, and recognised Roger of San Severino as regent at Acre for Charles I of Jerusalem.

In addition, he fought the Seljuks, and Hashshashin ; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia for the first time, before his death in 1277.

In 1277 ( or between 1277 and 1280 ), Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king Ladislaus IV of Hungary ( 1272 – 1290 ) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay tribute.

Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed " Old Town " (,, ), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it was renamed " Budzistowo ".

Year 1277 ( MCCLXXVII ) was a common year starting on Friday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar.

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinus and Opilio ( or, less frequently, year 1277 Ab urbe condita ).

When Ottokar was placed under the Imperial ban, Duke Bolesław II the Bald of Legnica took the occasion, had his nephew Henry seized at Jelcz and imprisoned him in 1277.

Afonso III continued to reign until his death in 16 February 1279, but the peace of his later years was broken by the rebellion ( 1277 – 1279 ) of Dinis.

Pope Nicholas III ( c. 1210 / 1220 – 22 August 1280 ), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, was Pope from 25 November 1277 until his death.

In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo ( captain of the people ) named Luchetto Gattilusio.

By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales.

The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277.

The trend toward unification seems to have begun with Litovoi who was at war with the Hungarians in 1277 and was killed in battle.

After the decisive victory of the Viscontis at the Battle of Desio in 1277 it was occupied by Archbishop Ottone Visconti and the Marquis of Monferrato, Guglielmo ( 1278 ) and the following year the town was declared a possession of the mayor and the people of Milan.