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1453 and when
In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50, 000 people.
The tensions between the Houses of Plantagenet and Capet climaxed during the so-called Hundred Years ' War ( actually several distinct wars over the period 1337 to 1453 ) when the Plantagenets claimed the throne of France from the Valois.
Relationships with the royal family remained cold under Joan II ; However, when Raimondello's son Giannantonio ( 1386 – 1453 ) sent his troops to help her against the usurpation attempt of James of Bourbon, he received in exchange the Principality of Taranto.
The Ottoman Empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople ( Istanbul ), in 1453.
From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire.
The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was secularized.
Aquitaine remained English until the end of the Hundred Years ’ War in 1453, when it was annexed by France.
Because of this, when the Duke of York came to power in 1453 – 54, during Henry VI's first period of insanity, negotiations were made between himself and Isabella for a marriage between Charles the Bold, then Count of Charolais, and one of York's unmarried daughters, of whom the 8-year old Margaret was the youngest.
In 1453 it became land directly under the French Crown, except from 1469 to 1472 when it was granted to Charles de Valois ( until his death ).
He was making trips to Bruges by 1450 at the latest and had settled there by 1453, when he may have taken his Liberty of the Mercers ' Company.
The cataphract finally passed into the pages of history with the Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453, when the last nation to refer to its cavalrymen as cataphracts fell ( see Decline of the Byzantine Empire ).
The struggle of the Hussites against the papal party continued uninterruptedly, and the position of George became a very difficult one when the young king Ladislaus, who was crowned in 1453, expressed his pro-Roman sympathies, though he had recognized the compacts and the ancient privileges of Bohemia.
However, from August 1453, the king became catatonic and York was appointed Protector of the Realm ; when the king recovered in 1455, reversing many of York's decisions, war broke out.
The Czechs and Slovaks were also formally united in 1436 – 1439, 1453 – 1457, and 1490 – 1918, when Hungary ( which included Slovakia ), Bohemia and other Central European states were ruled by the same kings.
After the fall of Tǎrnovo to the Ottoman Turks in 1393, a number of Bulgarian clergymen sought shelter in the Russian lands and transferred the idea of the Third Rome there, which eventually resurfaced in Tver, during the reign of Boris of Tver, when the monk Foma ( Thomas ) of Tver had written The Eulogy of the Pious Grand Prince Boris Alexandrovich in 1453.
With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 1300 – 1453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas.
Edirne ( Adrianople ) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul ( Constantinople ) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul.
Emperor Constantine was defeated and killed in 1453 when the Ottomans finally captured Constantinople.
This title was only officially recognized in 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, when the Habsburgs had ( permanently ) gained control of the office of the Holy Roman Emperor.
The restored Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 while the Empire of Trebizond managed to survive until 1461, when it too was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
After a brief interlude of 1453 – 1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudemont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.
The last decisive battle was fought by the Palaiologan army in 1453, when Constantinople was besieged and fell on 29 May.
After the other dogal republic, Genoa, was in 1273 granted control of Pera and Galata, commercial suburbs of Constantinople, by the Byzantine emperor, it governed them jointly by a common podestà until 1453, when all Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks.
In 1453 church interior construction was finally completed when Cardinal Juan Torquemada ordered that the main nave be covered by a vault that reduced the overall projected height of the church.

1453 and last
* 1453 – The last naval battle in Byzantine history occurs, as three Genoese galleys escorting a Byzantine transport fight their way through the huge Ottoman blockade fleet and into the Golden Horn.
The last true Roman Emperor in the West was unseated in 476, by which time it had been completely overrun by Germanic nations ; however, the Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted much longer, persevering in one form or another until 1453.
The Battle of Castillon ( 1453 ) was regarded as the last engagement of this " war ", yet Calais and the Channel Islands remained ruled by the Plantagenets.
* 1453 – Battle of Castillon: The last battle of Hundred Years ' War, the The French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the battle in Gascony.
* 1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growth of the Ottoman Empire.
* 1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years ' War and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle.
* Constantine XI, The last Byzantine Emperor and Roman Emperor. He lived from 1404 – 1453.
* February 9 – Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor ( d. 1453 )
Despotēs in the Morea and subsequently the last Byzantine emperor, 1448 – 1453.
Constantine XI Palaiologos, Latinized as Palaeologus (, Kōnstantinos XI Dragasēs Palaiologos ; 8 February 1404 – 29 May 1453 ) was the last reigning Byzantine Emperor.
Following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the island was added to the domain of the Gattilusi of Lesbos, but following the fall of the Despotate of the Morea in 1460, Sultan Mehmed II gave it as a domain to the last Despot, Demetrios Palaiologos.
The Ottoman Empire used impalement during the last Siege of Constantinople in 1453, though possibly earlier.
In 1453, Sultan Mehmed II's forces overran Constantinople and killed the last Byzantine emperor.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the burgeoning Russian Empire had begun to see itself as the last extension of the Roman Empire, and the force that would resurrect the lost leviathan ( Third Rome ).
The cardinal's and the 1st duke of Infantado father, Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st marquis of Santillana -- to use the title he was awarded in the last years of his life --, was a poet, and was conspicuous during the troubled reign of John II of Castile, deceased 1453.
* Fall of Constantinople ( May 29, 1453 ) 1, 000 of the remaining Greek soldiers charged the 120, 000 Turkish soldiers that had just surged over the walls in a heroic last charge to allow the other 4, 000 defenders to escape.
It is here that Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine emperor, was killed on 29 May 1453.
The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, established his command here in 1453.
They were the parents of John VIII Palaiologos ( 1392 – 1448 ) and Constantine XI Palaiologos ( 1404 – 1453 ), the last Byzantine emperor, as well as the despots of Morea Demetrios Palaiologos ( 1407 – 1470 ) and Thomas Palaiologos ( 1409 – 1465 ).
When the French gained ascendency again between 1449 and 1453 the English were forced out of the region, and in 1449 the castle was taken by the French for the last time.
The Battle of Castillon in 1453 was the last battle fought between the French and the English during the Hundred Years ' War.
In 1453 he led the French army in what is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years War, the Battle of Castillon at which he defeated and killed the Earl of Shrewsbury, Sir John Talbot.

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