* 1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.

Diego de Almagro, ( c. 1475 – July 8, 1538 ), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo ( The Elder ), was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro.

One of his principal captains, Alonso de Cáceres, was responsible for quelling the indigenous revolt, led by the cacique Lempira in 1537 and 1538.

* 1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.

* 1538 – The first university in the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established.

In 1538 the Audiencia Real de Panama, Royal Audiencia of Panama, was established, initially with jurisdiction from Nicaragua to Cape Horn.

The oldest written records of the language are those of Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540, publishing his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú in 1560.

** Saint Turibius de Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitioner and missionary Archbishop of Lima ( b. 1538 )

* March 25 – François de Bar, French scholar ( b. 1538 )

* March 3 – Matthias de Lobel, physician of James I ( b. 1538 )

* January 11 – Diane de France, Duchess of Angouleme ( b. 1538 )

de: 1538

In 1538, at the age of nineteen, Henry had taken as his mistress the thirty-eight year old Diane de Poitiers, whom he adored for the rest of his life.

Anne was born in 1515 in Düsseldorf, the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark aka de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris ( often referred to as Duke of Cleves ) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Julich-Berg ( 1491 – 1543 ).

There he took part on the side of Hernando Pizarro in his struggle against Diego de Almagro and fought in the battle of Las Salinas in 1538, which saw Almagro defeated and captured.

On 18 May 1538, at Notre-Dame de Paris, James V and Mary of Guise were married with Lord Maxwell acting as proxy.

Orellana served in Nicaragua until joining Pizarro's army in Peru in 1533, where he supported Pizarro in his conflict with Diego de Almagro ( 1538 ).

* Erard de la Marck ( 1472 – 1538 )

There were also the Academy of the " Vignaiuoli ", or " Vinegrowers " ( 1530 ), and the Accademia della Virtù ( 1538 ), founded by Claudio Tolomei under the patronage of Cardinal Ippolito de ' Medici.

* Knole House: built by Archbishop Bourchier in the second half of the 15th century, it was forfeited to the Crown by Archbishop Cranmer in 1538.

Albrecht Altdorfer ( c. 1480-February 12, 1538 ) was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg.

In 1538 he was elected vicar-general of his order.

The Psalter, which had not been printed out in the 1549, 1552 or 1559 Books — was in 1662 provided in Miles Coverdale's translation from the Great Bible of 1538.

The Bible describes Jesus ' tomb as being outside the city wall, as was normal for burials across the ancient world, which were regarded as unclean, but the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is in the heart of Hadrian's city, well within the Old City walls, which were built by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1538 Some have claimed that the city had been much narrower in Jesus ' time, with the site then having been outside the walls ; since Herod Agrippa ( 41 – 44 ) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north ( beyond the present northern walls ), the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well.

Almagro was condemned to death and decapitated while in confinement on July 8, 1538 ( other sources suggest he was garrotted, which would have been more likely for a Christian man of fame ).

He was created a cardinal in pectore on 22 December 1536 by Pope Paul III ( at the same time as Reginald Pole ), which was published ( i. e., publicly announced ) only on 13 March 1538, at which time he was able to assume that office.

In the same way he was the animating spirit of the League of Halle, formed in 1533, from which sprang in 1538 the Holy League of Nuremberg for the maintenance of the religious Peace of Nuremberg.

In 1538 Tripoli was reconquered by a pirate king called Khair ad-Din ( known more evocatively as Barbarossa, or Red Beard ) and the coast became renowned as the Barbary Coast.

By September 1538 Calvin had taken up his new position in Strasbourg, fully expecting that this time it would be permanent ; a few months later, he applied for and was granted citizenship of the city.

In 1538, the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established, encompassing all of Mexico and Central America, except Panama.

* The ruler of Mantua in 1575, when Oxford travelled through the area, was Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga, who happened to be a member of the same Gonzaga family of the wife of the Duke of Urbino, who was killed in 1538 by a poisoned lotion rubbed into his ears by his barber.

Aden in Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of modern Pakistan and India.

In 1538, the Spanish fleet was defeated by Barbarossa at the Battle of Preveza, securing the eastern Mediterranean for the Turks for 33 years until the defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

A short-lived French Huguenot settlement was established at Dieppe Bay in 1538.

Secondly the Duchy of Crossen was inherited by Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1476 and, with the renunciation by King Ferdinand I and estates of Bohemia in 1538, it became an integral part of Brandenburg.

The article focuses on the reliability of the parochial registration system and the way in which it was exploited by the state as measured against the state ’ s objectives for establishing it in 1538.

In 1538, Vesalius wrote Epistola, docens venam axillarem dextri cubiti in dolore laterali secandam ( A letter, teaching that in cases of pain in the side, the axillary vein of the right elbow be cut ) which demonstrated a revived venesection, a classical procedure in which blood was drawn near the site of the ailment.

Jud is responsible for several other influential publications, including large and small catechisms in 1534, which were published in German, followed by a Latin edition in 1538, and another catechism in 1541.

Altamura was ruled by various feudal families, including the Orsini del Balzo and the Farnese ( 1538 – 1734 ), the latter responsible of the construction of numerous palaces and churches.

On 9 November 1555 Cardinal Ippolito II d ' Este ( famed as the builder of the Villa d ' Este at Tivoli ), wrote to Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua ( 1538 – 1587 ), that he has heard that His Grace is interested in his cantoretti, and offering to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service.

In 1538, King Francis I of France threatened Edmund Bonner — Henry VIII's Ambassador to the French court and later Bishop — with a hundred strokes of the halberd as punishment for Bonner's " insolent behaviour ".

Wishart was a reformer who had fled Scotland in 1538 to escape punishment for heresy.

Eventually, the Afghans broke through and sacked the capital in 1538 where they remained for several decades until the arrival of the Mughals.

Holbein travelled with Philip Hoby to Brussels and sketched Christina in 1538 for the king, who was appraising the young widow as a prospective bride.

On 29 June 1538, Spangberg set off for the Kuril Islands with the three ships he had prepared.

The last independent Duke of Guelders was Adolf's son Charles of Egmond ( 1467 – 1538, r1492 – 1538 ), who was raised at the Burgundian court of Charles the Bold and fought for the House of Habsburg in battles against the armies of Charles VIII of France, until being captured in the Battle of Béthune ( 1487 ) during the War of the Public Weal ( also known as the Mad War ).

In 1538 three German theologians – Francis Burkhardt, vice-chancellor of Saxony ; George von Boyneburg, doctor of law ; and Friedrich Myconius, superintendent of the church of Gotha – were sent to London and held conferences with the Anglican bishops and clergy in the archbishop ’ s palace at Lambeth for several months.

In 1538, Henry VIII seized control of Dulwich and sold it to goldsmith Thomas Calton for £ 609.

Latimer wrote to Cromwell in 1538 to plead for the continuation of Great Malvern Priory, and of " two or three in every shire of such remedy ", but by then only total surrender was acceptable.

In 1538 applications for surrender became a flood, and Cromwell appointed local commissioners to encourage rapid compliance with the King's wishes, to supervise the orderly sale of monastic goods and buildings, and to ensure that the former monks and nuns were provided with pensions, cash gratuities and clothing.

In 1538, Christian III once again repeated the trade ban, as the citizens of Stege still could not obtain sufficient food for the town.

The Church Order of 1525 provided for visitations of the parishioners and pastors, first carried out by Bishop George in 1538.