Since at least Dartmouth College v. Woodward ( 1819 ), the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized corporations as having the same rights as natural persons to contract and to enforce contracts.

In 1818, the United States Supreme Court decided Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U. S. 518 ( 1819 ), writing: " The opinion of the Court, after mature deliberation, is that this corporate charter is a contract, the obligation of which cannot be impaired without violating the Constitution of the United States.

The decision, handed down on February 2, 1819, ruled in favor of the College and invalidated the act of the New Hampshire Legislature, which in turn allowed Dartmouth to continue as a private institution and take back its buildings, seal, and charter.

The landmark case of the U. S. Supreme Court addressing public versus private charters was Dartmouth College v. Woodward in 1819.

This was the first time that the Supreme Court was reported to hold that the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause granted constitutional protections to corporations as well as to natural persons, although numerous other cases, since Dartmouth College v. Woodward in 1819, have recognized that corporations were entitled to some of the protections of the Constitution.

Dartmouth University is a defunct institution in New Hampshire which existed from 1817 to 1819.

* Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U. S. 518 ( 1819 ).

Strangely, in 1819 J. F. Dana of Dartmouth and Harvard proposed attaching steam boilers to street lamps to take advantage of Morey ’ s discovery, but water-gas was already being piped to some London street lamps from a central source in 1812.

* February 2, 1819: Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Supreme Court allowed Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.

* James Hamilton Stanhope ( 1788 – 1825 ), Member of Parliament for Buckingham, 1817 – 1818, Fowey, 1818 – 1819, and Dartmouth 1822 – 1825

He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated as valedictorian of his class at Dartmouth College in 1819, was a tutor there in 1819 – 1820, spent a year in the law school of Harvard University, and studied for a like period in Washington, D. C., in the office of William Wirt, then Attorney General of the United States.

He was an ex officio trustee of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 1794 – 1805 and 1813 – 1816 and trustee by election 1817 – 1819.

* Dartmouth College v. Woodward, an 1819 U. S. Supreme Court case

The case, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, went through various judicial courts, before the United States Supreme Court decided in the Board's favor in 1819, the result of a brilliant peroration by Dartmouth alumnus Daniel Webster, class of 1801, who had, ironically, graduated under Wheelock's tenure.

In November, 1819, the trustees of Williams College voted to petition the Legislature for permission to remove the college to Northampton.

Darby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublin where he graduated Classical Gold Medallist in 1819.

* William Monck Mason, History and Antiquities of the College and Cathedral Church of St Patrick, near Dublin ( Dublin, 1819 );

Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog, and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford, he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield.

" Addison obtained his licentiateship in the Royal College of Physicians in 1819 and some years later was elected a fellow of the Royal College.

In October 1819 Moultrie entered as a commoner Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became intimate with Thomas Babington Macaulay, Charles Austin, and others of their set.

* 1819-Dartmouth College v. Woodward ( 17 US 518 1819 ) protects principle of honoring contracts and charters

In 1819 Patrick Rogers became professor of natural philosophy and mathematics at the College of William and Mary, where he remained until his death in 1828.

* Samuel Stanhope Smith ( 1751 – 1819 ), American educator ; seventh president of the College of New Jersey ( Princeton University )

* George Hill ( minister ) ( 1750 – 1819 ), Principal, St Mary's College, St Andrews

He pursued classical studies in 1819 and graduated from Washington College ( now Washington and Lee University ).

* Emma Willard, A plan for improving female education ( Middlebury College, 1819 ).

Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College, it is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 40, 000 students, making it the second largest university in Ohio and one of the largest universities in the United States.

The struggle was resolved in 1819 in the Supreme Court in one of the most intriguing cases in our judicial history.

Abner Doubleday ( June 26, 1819 – January 26, 1893 ) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War.

As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France.

The name " alkaloids " () was introduced in 1819 by the German chemist Carl F. W.

Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau.

Antares B can be observed with a small telescope for a few seconds during lunar occultations while Antares itself is hidden by the Moon ; it was discovered by Johann Tobias Bürg during one such occultation on April 13, 1819.

The monument was given by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1819 in recognition of the battle of 1798 and the campaign of 1801 but not erected on the Victoria Embankment until 1878.

The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.

The composer Manuel Robles and the poet Bernardo de Vera y Pintado fulfilled this mandate and their " National Song " debuted on 20 August 1820 in the Domingo Arteaga theater, although other historians claim that it was played and sung during the festivities of September 1819.

The first established use of the term in a political context was by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1819, following the French Revolution.

An early example, which is today known as an opium clipper, was the Transit of 1819.

In June 1825, he resolved to embark on an improved version of his " Anger of Achilles " ( also known as the " Sacrifice of Iphigenie "; the earlier version was completed in 1819 and is now in the collection of the Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas.

Ezra Abbot ( April 28, 1819, Jackson, Maine – March 21, 1884, Cambridge, Massachusetts ) was an American biblical scholar.

The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments — as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

A further locomotive was supplied to Scott's Pit railroad at Llansamlet, near Swansea in 1819 but it too was soon withdrawn, apparently because it was under-boilered and also because of damage to the track.

This occasion was productive of both Mary Shelley's Frankenstein ( 1818 ) and Polidori's The Vampyre ( 1819 ).

Gustave de Molinari ( 3 March 1819 – 28 January 1912 ) was an economist born in Belgium associated with French laissez-faire liberal economists such as Frédéric Bastiat and Hippolyte Castille.

Mary Anne ( alternatively Mary Ann or Marian ) Evans ( 22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880 ), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, journalist and translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.

Spain, nearly bankrupt from the war with France and the reconstruction of the country, was unable to pay her soldiers, and in 1819 was forced to sell Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars.

Herman Melville ( August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891 ) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet.

Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, the third of eight children of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill.