Important developments in reflecting telescopes were John Hadley's production of larger paraboloidal mirrors in 1721 ; the process of silvering glass mirrors introduced by Léon Foucault in 1857 ; and the adoption of long lasting aluminized coatings on reflector mirrors in 1932.

Some of the " type-writing " machines invented between Burt's 1829 patented machine and Sholes ' 1867 type-writer are " The Projean Machine " ( 1833 ), " The Thurber Machine " ( 1843 ), " The Foucault Machine " ( 1843 ), " O. T. Eddy's machine " ( 1850 ), " The Fairbanks machine " ( 1850 ), " J. M. Jones ' machine " ( 1850 ), " William Hughes ' machine " ( 1851 ), John M. Jones " mechanical Typographer " ( 1852 ), " Thomas ' typograph " ( 1854 ), " The Beach typewriter " ( 1856 ), " The Francis Typewriter " ( 1857 ), " The Hansen Machine " ( 1865 ), " The Livermore Printing Device " ( 1863 ), " Peeler Writing Machine " ( 1866 ), and " The Sholes and Hidden Typewriter " ( 1867 ) invented by three men ( C. Latham Sholes, Samuel W. Soule, Carlos Glidden ).

Although Michel Foucault is the name primarily associated with the concept of biopower and bio-politics, the term Biopolitics was in fact used tentatively in 1911 when the magazine The New Age published the article " Biopolitics " by G. W. Harris and then reused in 1938 by Morley Roberts ( 1857 – 1942 ) in his book Biopolitics.

Alfred Binet ( July 11, 1857 – October 18, 1911 ) was a French psychologist who invented the first usable intelligence test, known at the time as the Binet test and today referred to as the IQ test. O.

* Elwood Haynes ( born in Portland, 1857 ) invented the clutch-driven automobile in 1894

The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli, a Polish-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, between 1855 and 1857.

Another theory, as recorded by historian Joe Nickell, in his book Secrets of the Sideshows, is that it was Pete Conklin who first invented the drink in 1857 when he used water dyed pink from a horse rider's red tights to make his lemonade.

Frederick Scott Archer ( 1813 – 1 May 1857 ) invented the photographic collodion process which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion.

The tube was invented by the German physicist and glassblower Heinrich Geissler in 1857.

Barthélemy Thimonnier, ( August 19, 1793 in L ' Arbresle, Rhône-July 5, 1857 in Amplepuis ), was a French inventor, who invented the first sewing machine that replicated sewing by hand.

He invented devices for textile mills, and wrote The Science of Common Things ( 1857 ) and Wells's Principles and Applications of Chemistry ( 1858 ); Wells's First Principles of Geology ( 1861 ) and Wells's Natural Philosophy ( 1863 ), which went through fifteen editions as a college textbook.

Simon Fairman ( 1792 – 1857 ) of West Stafford, Connecticut, invented the lathe chuck in 1830 ; his son-in-law, Austin F. Cushman invented the self-centering Cushman Universal Chuck.

He invented the world's first man made ice making plant in 1857.

Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109, 917 people lived in the province.

In 1857, on a return trip from Washington, his train derailed causing serious damage to his right arm which would plague him in the future.

The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857.

Among these actions were the Seven Years ' War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire ), and the Crimean War ( to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid ).

The Utah Mormon War ensued from 1857 to 1858, which resulted in the relatively peaceful

The Utah Mormon War ensued from 1857 to 1858, which resulted in the relatively peaceful invasion of Utah by the United States Army, after which Young agreed to step down from power and be replaced by a non-Mormon territorial governor, Alfred Cumming.

The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 and 66 from which the concept of entropy emerged.

This theory proceeds from the idea of atomic valence, especially the tetravalence of carbon ( which Kekulé announced late in 1857 ) and the ability of carbon atoms to link to each other ( announced in a paper published in May 1858 ), to the determination of the bonding order of all of the atoms in a molecule.

In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to build a railway bridge over the river Garonne at Bordeaux, connecting the Paris-Bordeaux line to the lines running to Sète and Bayonne, which involved the construction of a iron girder bridge supported by six pairs of masonry piers on the river bed.

In 1857 Lamont DuPont solved the main problem when using cheaper sodium nitrate formulations when he patented DuPont " B " Blasting powder ; after manufacturing grains from press-cake in the usual way, the powder was tumbled with graphite dust for 12 hours, forming a coating on each grain which in this case reduced its ability to pick up moisture.

Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which Kashmir sided with the British, and the subsequent assumption of direct rule by Great Britain, the princely state of Kashmir came under the suzerainty of the British Crown.

His own writing continued with four ( of a planned ten ) volumes of Natural History of the United States which were published from 1857 to 1862.

In 1857 President James Buchanan sent an army to Utah, which Mormons interpreted as open aggression against them.

The relatively peaceful Utah War ensued from 1857 to 1858, in which the most notable instance of violence was the Mountain Meadows massacre, when leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the killing of a civilian emigrant party that was traveling through Utah during the escalating tensions.

The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1861 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal, 1857 ), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ), Paul Verlaine ( 1844 – 96 ), Stéphane Mallarmé ( 1842 – 98 ), and Paul Valéry ( 1871 – 1945 ).

Honduras and other Central American countries united to drive him out of Nicaragua in 1857, after which a period of three decades of Conservative rule ensued.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Santa Clara bears the distinction of awarding California's first Bachelor's degree, given to Thomas I. Bergin in 1857, and its first graduate degree, two years later.

The stone to the left bears the inscription: Ici Repose Vincent van Gogh ( 1853 – 1890 ) and the stone to the right reads: Ici Repose Theodore van Gogh ( 1857 – 1891 )

During Grizzly Adams ' exhibition of his grizzly bears and other trained animals in San Francisco, he was working with Hittell from July, 1857 until December 1859.

His grandfather, an amateur naturalist by the name of Walter Drawbridge Crick ( 1857 – 1903 ), wrote a survey of local foraminifera ( single-celled protists with shells ), corresponded with Charles Darwin, and had two gastropods ( snails or slugs ) named after him.

Work began on the dictionary in 1857 but it was not until 1884 that it started to be published in unbound fascicles as work continued on the project under the name A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles ; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society.

The Borough of County Line in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania changed its name to Telford in 1857, after the North Pennsylvania Railroad Company named its new station there " Telford " in honour of Thomas Telford.

Le Pétomane (, ) was the stage name of the French flatulist ( professional farter ) and entertainer Joseph Pujol ( June 1, 1857 – 1945 ).

The first was the English Alpine Club ( founded in the winter of 1857 – 1858 ), followed in 1862 by the Austrian Alpine Club ( which in 1873 was fused, under the name of the German and Austrian Alpine Club, with the German Alpine Club, founded in 1869 ), in 1863 by the Italian and Swiss Alpine Clubs, and in 1874 by the French Alpine Club, not to mention numerous minor societies of more local character.

In 1853 the town gained a post office named Colfax, and in December 1857 the name of the town itself became Colfax, by petition of the residents.

Located on upland prairie, Emporia was founded on February 20, 1857, drawing its name from ancient Carthaginian Africa.

Named Constitution Park when first created in 1832, it wasn't until 1857 that the elm trees arrived and with it the park's new name.

A post office with the name Berrien Centre opened April 28, 1857.

It was platted in 1857 by Isaac Eagles and Mr. Barrington with the name Greenbush, after the township.

The name of the office was changed to Genesee on January 19, 1839, and back to Mount Morris on April 25, 1857.

In 1857 the Michigan Legislature changed the name of the village officially to Okemos to honor the old chief.

A post office was established in April 1857 with the name " Columbiaville ".

Inkpaduta, a Mdewakanton Sioux Indian leader in the area from the 1850s until his departure to join Sitting Bull's band in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, camped at at the south end of the lake that gives the town its name both before and after his participation in the Spirit Lake massacre of 1857, and the Dakota War of 1862, also known as the Sioux uprising.

The name had changed to Missouri City by December 5, 1857 .< ref >< u > History of Missouri City </ u > by Oscar S. Chaney 1979 ,</ ref >

This was translated by American settlers as Swan Creek and was given a post office with that name in October 1857.

Joseph G. Symmes argued in 1857 that the name was spelled improperly and that the suffix " bury " was more appropriate, leading the name of the community and brook to be changed to " Cranbury " in 1869.

* William H. Johnson ( stage name, Zip the Pinhead ; 1857 – 1926 ), freak show and circus performer.

In 1857, Judge Thomas Powell established the first post office in the community, and the residents decided to adopt his name.

Deer Creek post office was established in 1852, and the name changed to " Roseburgh " in 1857.

In 1857 thirty-five residents of the town petitioned the state legislature to change the name of the town to Burnet since there was another town in Texas named Hamilton.

* Manchester, former name for Brothertown, Wisconsin in Calumet County from 1843 until 1857

1 ( 1857 ), which uses themes based on her maiden name ( BAmBErG ) and his own initials ( C. C.

The Senate was constituted by the Letters Patent of 1857 as a body corporate under the name, style, and title of " The Chancellor, Doctors, and Masters of the University of Dublin ", empowered by statements such as " It shall be and shall continue to be a body corporate with a common seal, and shall have power under the said seal to do all such acts as may be lawful for it to do in conformity with the laws and statutes of the State and with the Charters and Statutes of the College.