Zachariah Chandler ( December 10, 1813November 1, 1879 ) was Mayor of Detroit ( 1851 – 52 ), a four-term U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan ( 1857 – 75, 1879 ), and Secretary of the Interior under U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant ( 1875 – 77 ).

* Nathaniel Chandler White, 1847 – 1857.

Mr. Justice Taney's Dred Scott decision in 1857 was unpopular in the North, and soon became a dead letter.

The 1857 Congressional rejection of the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution was the first multi-party solid-North vote, and that solid vote was anti-slavery to support the anti-slavery majority in Kansas Territory.

Secret ballots were introduced, and a bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109, 917 people lived in the province.

Alfonso XII ( born Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo ) ( Madrid, 28 November 1857 – El Pardo, 25 November 1885 ) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d ' état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

Decipherment of cuneiform was a formidable task that took more than a decade, but by 1857, the Royal Asiatic Society was convinced that reliable reading of cuneiform texts was possible.

Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.

The King's Library, on the ground floor of the East Wing, was handed over in 1827, and was described as one of the finest rooms in London although it was not fully open to the general public until 1857, however, special openings were arranged during The Great Exhibition of 1851.

In 1857 Charles Newton was to discover the 4th-century BC Mausoleum of Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The Round Reading Room, which was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke, opened in 1857.

In 1846 Robert Smirke was replaced as the Museum's architect by his brother Sydney Smirke, whose major addition was the Round Reading Room 1854 – 1857 ; at in diameter it was then the second widest dome in the world, the Pantheon in Rome being slightly wider.

The 44-metre tall monument to Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert was built in 1857 by the townspeople of Bodmin to honour the soldier's life and work in India.

The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 and 66 from which the concept of entropy emerged.

Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof ( July 23, 1857 – February 11, 1944 ) was a German linguist and one of the first linguists to study African languages.

Charlotte's first-written novel, The Professor, was published posthumously in 1857.

Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857.

The first census was in 1857 when what is now Croatia was part of Austrian Empire.

In some countries such as Russia, the 1857 census found that over 35 percent of the population was serf ( крепостной крестьянин ).

Nobel filed his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.

* Alexander of Bulgaria ( 1857 – 1893 ), first prince of Bulgaria

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

The term " Canadian English " is first attested in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in an address to the Canadian Institute in 1857.

* The Professor, written before Jane Eyre, submitted at first along with Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, then separately, and rejected in either form by many publishing houses, published posthumously in 1857

In 1857, the philosopher Henry David Thoreau, with his book Canoeing in Wilderness chronicling his canoe voyaging in the wilderness of Maine, was the first to convey the enjoyment of spiritual and lifestyle aspects of cruising.

In 1857 the first East Indian immigrants arrived.

In 1857, Matthias Hohner, a clockmaker from Trossingen, started producing harmonicas, eventually to become the first person to mass-produce them.

* The Hasheesh Eater by Fitz Hugh Ludlow ; first edition 1857

* 1857 – The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London.

* 1857 – The University of Calcutta is formally founded as the first fully-fledged university in south Asia.

Seventeen years ( 1857 ) after Proudhon first called himself an anarchist ( 1840 ), anarchist communist Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian.

* 1857 – Indian Mutiny: In India, the first war of Independence begins.

* 1857 – Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

After Garfield finished his education, between the 1857 and 1858 elections, he began his career in politics as a " vigorous " stump speaker in support of the Republican Party and their anti-slavery cause.

* John McCarthy ( Nebraska politician ) ( 1857 – 1943 ), Nebraska Republican politician

The Herald Republican, the daily newspaper based in Angola and serving Steuben County, was formed through the merger of two longstanding weekly newspapers in Angola, the Steuben Republican ( first published in May 1857 ) and The Angola Herald ( January 1876 ).

By 1857 Osawatomie had grown to a town of 800 and in 1859 hosted the first convention of the Kansas Republican Party.

Re-elected in 1856 as a Republican, he resigned his seat in December 1857, and was governor of Massachusetts from 1858 to 1860, during a period of government contraction forced by the depression of those years.

Polygamy was probably a significant factor in the Utah War of 1857 and 1858, given the Republican attempts to paint Democratic President James Buchanan as weak in his opposition to both polygamy and slavery.

While practicing law there from 1852 until 1857, he was a delegate to the 1855 Ohio Republican Convention and an unsuccessful candidate for district attorney in 1856.

He won the Senate seat in 1857, and became one of the candidates for the Republican nomination in the presidential election of 1860.

A few historians believe that the serious financial panic of 1857 and the economic difficulties leading up to it strengthened the Republican Party and heightened sectional tensions.

After the political realignments of 1857 – 58 — manifested by the emerging strength of the Republican Party and their networks of local support nationwide — almost every issue was entangled with the controversy over the expansion of slavery in the West.

Dr. José Celso Barbosa ( 1857 – 1921 ) was a medical doctor and an early advocate of statehood, founder of the Republican Party on the Island .</ td >

Initially a member of the Free Soil Party, he joined the Republican Party shortly after its founding, and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives ( 1852 ), and the Massachusetts Senate ( 1857 ).

In 1857, he was a delegate to Iowa's constitutional convention, and served as a Republican in the Iowa House of Representatives that year and in 1859.

He was elected as a Republican to the U. S. House of Representatives, serving from March 4, 1857 to March 3, 1859.

He was again elected, albeit as a Republican, to the 35th, 36th, 37th and 38th United States Congresses, and served from 1857 to 1865.

Alexander Campbell ( 1779November 5, 1857 ) was a National Republican politician from Ohio.

Benjamin Ruggles ( February 21, 1783September 2, 1857 ) was a National Republican and Whig politician from Ohio.

In 1857 Wilmot was the first Republican candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania, although he lost to William F. Packer.

He served one term as the Representative of the Second District of Illinois in the 34th United States Congress from 1855 to 1857 and there served as a member of the Republican Party.

Following a failed state assembly bid in 1854, Phelps was elected as the first Republican from San Francisco and San Mateo Counties the following year and served until 1857.

Duncan was heavily favored due to his popularity as mayor of Knoxville and the heavy Republican tilt of the district ( Republicans have continuously represented this district since 1857 ).

From 1853 to 1857, he was United States district attorney for the western district of Massachusetts ; and from 1857 to 1875, he was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives.

Between 1857 and 1860 Hildreth worked for the New York Tribune and during the same period he wrote several anti-slavery tracts for the fledgling Republican party under various pseudonyms.