The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

* 1857 – Eugène Sue, French novelist ( b. 1804 )

* 1857 – Cécile Chaminade, French pianist and composer ( d. 1944 )

* 1789 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician ( d. 1857 )

* 1810 – Alfred de Musset, French poet ( d. 1857 )

* 1800 – Achille Devéria, French painter and lithographer ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Émile Coué, French psychologist ( d. 1926 )

* 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist ( d. 1911 )

* 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste, French inventor ( d. 1935 )

* 1798 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher ( d. 1857 )

* 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.

The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with the poet Charles Baudelaire ( 1861 – 67 ) ( Les fleurs du mal, 1857 ), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 – 91 ), Paul Verlaine ( 1844 – 96 ), Stéphane Mallarmé ( 1842 – 98 ), and Paul Valéry ( 1871 – 1945 ).

* 1904 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( b. 1857 )

* 1857 – Paul Doumer, French President ( d. 1932 )

* 1857 – Joseph Babiński, French neurologist ( d. 1932 )

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

* 1857 – Georges Gilles de la Tourette, French neurologist ( d. 1904 )

Direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects such as tuning forks had been made by English physician Thomas Young in 1807, but the first known device for recording airborne speech, music and other sounds is the phonautograph, patented in 1857 by French typesetter and inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.

Category: Educational institutions established in 1857

The first public parks were established 1857 and 1862, and were designed by Giuseppe Balzaretto.

The French philosopher, Auguste Comte ( 1798 – 1857 ), established the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positivist Philosophy, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842.

The oldest OCA Russian Orthodox church in the lower forty-eight states, established in 1857, is Holy Trinity Cathedral in San Francisco.

Category: Populated places established in 1857

Ballet took root in Russia after its importation from France, and classical music became firmly established with the compositions of Mikhail Glinka ( 1804 – 1857 ).

A katorga ( penal colony ) was established by Russia on Sakhalin in 1857, but the southern part of the island was held by the Japanese until the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ), when they ceded it to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands.

Category: Populated places established in 1857

Category: Populated places established in 1857

Category: Educational institutions established in 1857

* 1857 The original Camp Wood is established on the Nueces River near the site of the former San Lorenzo mission.

In Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l ' Amérique Centrale ( 1857 ), Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg claimed Votan was an ancient Phoenician legislateur who had migrated from the Middle East to the Maya area, defeated a race called the Quiname, built the city of Palenque, and established an empire called Xibalba that was postulated by Brasseur de Bourbourg to have once covered all of Mexico and part of the United States.

Peek, Frean and Co was established in 1857 at Dockhead, Bermondsey by James Peek and George Hender Frean.

Among the towns located in Andrew County are Amazonia, once on the Missouri River, now inland, laid out in 1857 near the site of Nodaway City, an early river port ; Fillmore, established in 1845 ; Whitesville, established in 1848 ; Rochester, established in 1848 ; Bolckow, established in 1868 ; Rosendale, established in 1869 ; Rea, established in 1877 ; Helena, established in 1878 ; and Cosby, established in 1882.

In 1857 an addendum to the 1855 treaty permitted a British military mission to become a presence in Kandahar ( but not Kabul ) during a conflict with the Persians, who had attacked Herat in 1856.

* December 17 – Juan Vicente Gómez, Venezuelan military dictator ( b. 1857 )

* Jorge Córdova ( 1822 – 1862 ), military officer and constitutional President of Bolivia ( 1855 – 1857 )

In the aftermath of this, Colonel Isaac Ebey, a US military officer and the first settler on Whidbey Island, was shot and beheaded on 11 August 1857 by a small Haida fleet, in retaliation for the killing of a respected Haida citizen during similar raids the year before.

This map made by the U. S. military shows the term " Everglades " was in use by 1857.

Later in 1852, a Russian military expedition under Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857 a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants were settled along the whole course of the river.

Conservatives led by General Félix María Zuloaga, with the backing of the military and the clergy, launched a revolt under the Plan of Tacubaya on 17 December 1857.

In the summer of 1857, First Lieutenant Horatio G. Gibson, then serving at the Presidio of San Francisco, established a military post on the Mendocino Indian Reservation approximately one and one-half miles north of the Noyo River.

In 1855 he was graduated from the Academy, and after advanced studies at the Nikolaevsky Engineering Academy, now Military engineering-technical university ( Russian Военный инженерно-технический университет ), he began his military career in 1857 as an instructor in fortifications.

After the Army abandoned Fort Gibson in 1857, the Cherokee Nation took over the military stockade and renamed the town Keetoowah.

Born June 25, 1886, in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania, Arnold was the son of Dr. Herbert Alonzo Arnold ( 1857 – 1933 ), a strong-willed physician and a member of the prominent political and military Arnold Family.

Juan Vicente Gómez Chacón ( 24 July 1857 – 17 December 1935 ) was a military general and de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935.

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

On 3 March 1857 he died and was buried with full military honours.

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Napier was appointed military secretary and adjutant-general to Sir James Outram, whose forces took part in the actions leading to the first relief of Lucknow on 25 September 1857.

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

It was only nine years after his entry to India that Hume faced the Indian Rebellion of 1857 during which time he was involved in several military actions for which he was created a Companion of the Bath in 1860.

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

Category: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857