In late August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, issued, without consulting Washington, a proclamation of martial law in Missouri.

President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.

In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one of the most important being with Cherokee chief John Ross, which was concluded in 1861.

The population of the parish rose from 6, 471 in 1841 to 14, 999 in 1851 and 32, 299 in 1861 and John Davies described it as " the most dynamic place in Wales ".

Over the period 1858 to 1861, John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide into the outback, culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and returning, without the loss of any of the party's members ' lives.

Groups associated with John Thomas met under various names, including Believers, Baptised Believers, the Royal Association of Believers, Baptised Believers in the Kingdom of God, Nazarines ( or Nazarenes ) and The Antipas until the time of the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ).

* 1861 – American Civil War: The Trent Affair: Confederate diplomatic envoys James M. Mason and John Slidell are freed by the United States government, thus heading off a possible war between the United States and United Kingdom.

* 1796 – John Stevens Henslow, English botanist and geologist ( d. 1861 )

The articles comprising London Labour and the London Poor were initially collected into three volumes in 1851 ; the 1861 edition included a fourth volume, co-written with Bracebridge Hemyng, John Binny and Andrew Halliday, on the lives of prostitutes, thieves and beggars.

* Sir Halford John Mackinder ( 1861 – 1947 ), author of The Geographical Pivot of History, co-founder of the London School of Economics, along with the Geographical Association.

* 1861 – John Quincy Marr, American soldier ( b. 1825 )

* 1785 – John McLean, U. S. Supreme Court Justice ( d. 1861 )

* 1861 – The Great Comet of 1861 is discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, New South Wales, Australia.

* 1861 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.

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By the end of August 1861, Grant was given charge of the District of Cairo by Maj. Gen John C. Fremont, an outside Lincoln appointment, who viewed Grant as " a man of dogged persistence, and iron will.

* May 12 – John Martin Poyer, United States Navy Commander and the 12th Governor of American Samoa ( b. 1861 )

Both of Keynes's parents outlived him: father John Neville Keynes ( 1852 – 1949 ) by three years, and mother Florence Ada Keynes ( 1861 – 1958 ) by 12 years.

The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company, originally the A. W. Faber Company, was founded by John Eberhard Faber ( 1822 – 1879 ) in 1861.

During the Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ), postal services in the Confederacy were provided by the CSA Post Office Department, headed by Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan.

Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy: a daughter, Marion ( born October 28, 1861 ) and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13, 1860 and died in infancy.

It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) fought in 1861 on the same ground.

Running from 1857 to 1861 the Butterfield Stage Line won the $ 600, 000 / yr.

The Butterfield Overland Mail crossed the area 1858 – 1861.

Butterfield Overland Mail establishes the Mountain Pass Station at Merkel, in continual use until 1861.

The Butterfield Overland Mail ran through the area from 1858 to 1861.

It was also the site of the Tule River Stage Station for the Butterfield Overland Mail, from 1858 to 1861.

The Butterfield Overland Mail route used White's Westview Inn as its Davidson Station on its trail from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast from 1858 to 1861.

This route was abandoned in 1861 after Texas joined the Confederacy, in favor of stagecoach services established via Fort Laramie and Salt Lake City, a 24 day journey, with Wells Fargo & Co. as the foremost provider ( initially it used the old " Butterfield " name ).

The Butterfield Overland was discontinued in 1861 but was replaced by the Telegraph Stage Line, which stopped at almost all the former stations, including Gorman's, where the horses were changed.

The Butterfield Overland Mail Trail was a stagecoach route in the United States, operating from 1857 to 1861.

The Butterfield Overland was discontinued in 1861 but was replaced by the Telegraph Stage Line, which stopped at almost all the former stations, including Gorman's, as it was known then, where the horses were changed.

Pacheco Pass was the site of one of the stage stations on the route of the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach route which connected the Saint Louis, Missouri with San Francisco from 1858 until 1861.

The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 disrupted mail service along the Butterfield Overland Mail's southern stagecoach route from St. Louis, Missouri via El Paso, Fort Yuma and Los Angeles and on to San Francisco via the Tejon Pass, which had begun its run in 1858.

Much of the church was rebuilt between 1858 and 1861 by William Butterfield.

Kingston became a stopping place on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 to 1861 and a stage route between Stockton and Visalia after 1858.

On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judiciary proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederate war effort.

In spring 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East.

Her mother, Nadezhda Kalmykova, was the daughter of a former serf who had bought his freedom before serfdom was abolished in 1861, allowing him to become a wealthy Moscow merchant .< ref >

Gradually, Elizabeth became an unwelcome presence among the male students who in 1861, presented a memorial to the school against her admittance as a fellow student.

Christian was a doctor and medical officer who married Laura Catherine Bjølstad, a woman half his age, in 1861.

The first university in modern India was setup by the British in Calcutta in 1861 as a means of spreading western philosophical thought among the elite in India and to create in the words of Lord Macaulcay, “ a class of Indians who would be Indian in blood and colour but western in thought and ideas .” This initiative was furthered by the passing of the Universities Act of 1904.

Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( GCSI ) in 1861, at the foundation of the order.

The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: " Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ..." This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: " He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.

Succeeding his mother, Radama II ( 1861 – 63 ) attempted to relax the queen's stringent policies, but was overthrown two years later by Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony ( 1852 – 1865 ) and an alliance of noble courtiers, who sought to end the absolute power of the monarch.

* 1861 – Edward Clark became Governor of Texas, replacing Sam Houston, who has been evicted from the office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

* Emily Schotten ( 1790 – 1861 ), who married William W. Ellsworth, named by Webster as an executor of his will.

Samuel Morse received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace ( the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861 – 1865 on the same location ) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention.

In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140, 000 students in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology.

Samuel Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace ( the present Beylerbeyi Palace was built in 1861 – 1865 on the same location ) in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention.

William and Jane had two daughters, Jane Alice ( Jenny ), born January 1861, who developed epilepsy in her teens, and Mary ( May ) ( March 1862 – 1938 ), who became the editor of her father's works, a prominent socialist, and an accomplished designer and craftswoman.

In 1866 Venetia was ceded by France, who had obtained it from Austria at the end of the Austro-Prussian War, to the new Kingdom of Italy, which had been created in 1861 under the Savoy monarchy.

The father was a linguist and theologian who served as professor of sacred literature at Yale Divinity School from 1824 until his death in 1861.

This four terminal measurement technique is called Kelvin sensing, after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who invented the Kelvin bridge in 1861 to measure very low resistances.

It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861.

In 1861, Bruckner studied further with Otto Kitzler, who introduced him to the music of Richard Wagner, which Bruckner studied extensively from 1863 onwards.

In 1861 he had already made the acquaintance of Franz Liszt who, like Bruckner, had a strong, Catholic religious faith and who first and foremost was a harmonic innovator, initiating the new German school together with Wagner.

After the end of the Spanish period following the European wars of the early 18th century, the brief period of Austrian rule ( 1708 – 1717 ) was succeeded by domination by the Piemontese, who then took over the Title of Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1720 – 1861 ).