John Mitchel Paris, 1861

In 1859, Mitchel accepted the position of astronomer of the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York ( a position which he held until 1861 ), where he continued his pioneering work on the development of telegraphic determination of longitude.

General Mitchel led a division in the Army of the Ohio from December 1861 to July 1862, and was placed in charge of the defense of Nashville, Tennessee, with headquarters in the vicinity of Shelbyville, Tennessee.

In 1861 he travelled to France with an introduction from T. D. Sullivan to John Mitchel.

The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: " Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ..." This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: " He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.

Opium smoking began as a privilege of the elite and remained a great luxury into the early nineteenth century, but by 1861, Wang Tao wrote that opium was used even by rich peasants, and even a small village without a rice store would have a shop where opium was sold.

In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the American Civil War, the government of San Marino wrote a letter ( in " perfect Italian on one side, and imperfect but clear English on the other ") to United States President Abraham Lincoln, proposing an " alliance " between the two democratic nations and offering the President honorary San Marino citizenship.

His mother, Martha, wrote the following in a letter to William Clarke's successor George Parr in 1860 or 1861:

While some people consider the inclusion of jelly to be a recent variation, the earliest known recipe to include jelly dates from 1747, and the poet Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote of trifles containing jelly in 1861.

She also visited Switzerland, Italy, Palestine, and Greece between 1856 and 1861, and wrote popular accounts of her travels.

A bourgeois writer, one Elizabeth Hunt, wrote in 1861 that in " Yeading dirt, ignorance and darkness reign supreme.

" But in November 1861, he wrote to his wife, " I will, if successful, throw my sword onto the scale to force an improvement in the condition of those poor blacks.

James Ryder Randall, an English professor who wrote the poem " Maryland, My Maryland " in April 1861, at nearby Poydras College on False River.

Andrew Jackson Splawn, who traversed the valley in 1861 on his way to the nearby mines with his cattle, wrote of his experience:

Sir John Edward Lloyd ( who wrote as J. E. Lloyd ) ( 5 May 1861 – 20 June 1947 ), was a Welsh historian, the author of the first serious history of the country's formative years, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols.

On November 3, 1861, from Cairo, Illinois, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant wrote a letter to Colonel Richard J. Oglesby, commander of the Union Headquarters District Southeast Missouri at Bird ’ s Point, ordering his troops to " strike for Sikeston " from the Mississippi River town of Commerce.

When news reached him of the Confederate victory at Bull Run in July 1861 he was very pleased, although 15 months later he wrote that " the American War ... has manifestly ceased to have any attainable object as far as the Northerns are concerned, except to get rid of some more thousand troublesome Irish and Germans.

In 1859 – 1861, she wrote a monthly supplement to The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine.

Joseph C. Ives, who surveyed the lower river in 1861, wrote that " the shifting of the channel, the banks, the islands, the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description, derived from the experiences of one trip, would be found incorrect, not only during the subsequent year, but perhaps in the course of a week, or even a day.

In 1861, just after outbreak of the American Civil War, Motley wrote two letters to The Times defending the Federal position, and these letters, afterwards reprinted as a pamphlet entitled Causes of the Civil War in America, made a favourable impression on President Lincoln.

Subsequently he became editor of the Commonwealth in Boston, and wrote The Rejected Stone ( 1861 ) and The Golden Hour ( 1862 ), both powerful pleas for emancipation.

Dupuit's reputation as an economist does not rest on his advocacy of laissez-faire economics ( he wrote " Commercial Freedom " in 1861 ) but on frequent contributions to periodicals.

From Oxford, Bowen went to London, where he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1861, and while studying law he wrote regularly for the Saturday Review, and also later for The Spectator.

Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Fernando in 1861.

Abraham Gesner continued his research on fuels and wrote a number of scientific studies concerning the industry including an 1861 publication titled, " A Practical Treatise on Coal, Petroleum and Other Distilled Oils ," which became a standard reference in the field.

Janin travelled ( picking up in one of his journeys a country house at Lucca in a lottery ), and wrote accounts of his travels ; he wrote numerous tales and novels, and composed many other works, including Fin d ' un monde et du neveu de Rameau ( 1861 ), in which, under the guise of a sequel to Diderot's work, he showed his familiarity with the late 18th century.

During the American Civil War, Wade was highly critical of President Abraham Lincoln ; in a September 1861 letter, he privately wrote that Lincoln's views on slavery " could only come of one born of poor white trash and educated in a slave State.

* The Last Full Measure ( 1998 )— Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 )

Thenceforward he devoted his whole time to a systematic examination of the French caves, his first publication on the subject being The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe ( 1860 ), followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period.

* The Last Supper, an 1861 painting by Nikolai Ge

* Curious Things of the Outside World: Last Fire ( 1861 )

Among his more important works may be named Women Gleaning, and The Day after St Sebastian's Day ( 1855 ), which gained him a third-class medal ; Blessing the Fields ( 1857 ), a second-class medal ; Erecting a Calvary ( 1859 ), now in the Lille gallery ; The Return of the Gleaners ( 1859 ), now in the Luxembourg ; Evening and Women Weeding ( 1861 ), a first-class medal ; Grandfather's Birthday ( 1862 ); The Close of Day ( 1865 ); Harvest ( 1867 ); Potato Gatherers ( 1868 ); A Pardon, Brittany ( 1869 ); The Fountain ( 1872 ), medal of honour ; The Bonfires of St John ( 1875 ); Women mending Nets ( 1876 ), in the Douai museum ; A Gleaner ( 1877 ), Luxembourg ; Evening, Finistère ( 1881 ); The Song of the Lark ( 1884 ); The Last Sunbeam ( 1885 ); The Shepherd's Star ( 1888 ); The Call Home ( 1889 ); The Last Gleanings ( 1895 ); Gathering Poppies ( 1897 ); The Alarm Cry ( 1899 ); Twilight Glory ( 1900 ).

In 1861 Ge painted The Last Supper ; using the image for his central figure of Christ a photograph taken by the famous Russian photographer Count Sergei Lvovich Levitsky ( 1819 – 1898 ) of Levitsky's cousin Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen ( 1812 – 1870 ); the pro-Western writer and outstanding public figure.

Bond published little, but he was the editor of four volumes of facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon charters from 679 to the Conquest, The Speeches in the Trial of Warren Hastings ( 1859 – 1861 ), and a number of other historic documents.

Anne's father, Patrick Brontë ( 1777 – 1861 ), was born in a two-room cottage in Emdale, Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland.

His eldest son Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865.

See also F Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Charlemont ( London, 1812 ); Warden Flood, Memoirs of Henry Flood ( London, 1838 ); Francis Plowden, Historical Review of the State of Ireland ( London, 1803 ); Alfred Webb, Compendium of Irish Biography ( Dublin, 1878 ); Sir Jonah Barrington, Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation ( London, 1833 ); WJ O ' Neill Daunt, Ireland and her Agitators ; Lord Mountmorres, History of the Irish Parliament ( 2 vole., London, 1792 ); Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III ( 4 vols., London, 1845 and 1894 ); Lord Stanhope, Life of William Pitt ( 4 vols., London, 1861 ); Thomas Davis, Life of JP Curran ( Dublin, 1846 ) this contains a memoir of Grattan by DO Madden, and Grattan's reply to Lord Clare on the question of the Union ; Charles Phillips, Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries ( London, 1822 ); JA Froude, The English in Ireland ( London, 1881 ); JG McCarthy, Henry Grattan: an Historical Study ( London, 1886 ); Lord Mahon's History of England, vol.

Norris took a case to the Irish High Court in 1980 seeking a declaration that the laws of 1861 and 1885 which criminalised homosexual conduct were not in force since the enactment of the Constitution of Ireland.

* Census of Ireland: general alphabetical index to the townlands and towns, parishes and paronies of Ireland, Dublin, 1861

The pieces of legislation governing abortion in Northern Ireland are sections 58 and 59 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and sections 25 and 26 of the Criminal Justice Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1945 ( which are derived from the corresponding provisions of the Infant Life ( Preservation ) Act 1929 ).

By 1861, his mood had improved somewhat, and he now proposed some sort of federal union between Britain, Canada, the United States, and Ireland.

Herbert was born in Dublin, Ireland to Protestants Edward Herbert ( d. 1861 ) and Fanny Herbert ( née Lover ).

Patrick Brontë ( 17 March 1777 – 7 June 1861 ), was born in County Down, Ireland, of a very poor family of farm workers.

In 1861 he published Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, a brief sketch of the lives and work of Jonathan Swift, Henry Flood, Henry Grattan and Daniel O ' Connell, which showed great promise.

In Ireland, counterfeiting seals ceased to be treason in 1861, in line with England and Wales.

By 1819, there were 244 settlers, and by 1861 the population had risen to 4, 901, many of whom were descendants of United Empire Loyalists, veterans of the War of 1812 who had been granted land there, or the original and later settlers from Ireland.

He was also a politician and served as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1852 to 1857 and as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865.

In 1983, abortion was illegal in Ireland under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 ; the Eighth Amendment was introduced to prevent it being legalised at any time in the future.

The church, which was completed in 1861, was designed by James Welland, one of the provincial architects of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of the Church of Ireland.

Public support for the Fenian movement in Ireland grew in November 1861 with the funeral of Terence MacManus, a member of the Irish Confederation, which Stephens and the Fenians had organised and which was attended by between twenty thousand and thirty thousand people.

McGinnity's father, Peter, was born in Dublin, Ireland, and emigrated to the United States in 1861.

* O ' Curry, Eugene ( 1861 ) Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, delivered at the Catholic University of Ireland, during the sessions of 1855 and 1856.

Born in County Monaghan, Ireland, Taggart immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1861.

* Sir George Clark, 1st Baronet ( 1861 – 1935 ), businessman and politician in Northern Ireland