* 1861 – American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.

In 1861, the decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co .( later described by Nicholas Pevsner as the ' beginning of a new era in Western art ') was founded with Morris, Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Ford Madox Brown and Philip Webb as partners, together with Charles Faulkner and Peter Paul Marshall, the former of whom was a member of the Oxford Brotherhood, and the latter a friend of Brown and Rossetti.

However, there were problems with this system, exemplified by the transcontinental telegraph line constructed in 1861 by the Western Union Company between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California.

In August 1861, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, Union commander of the Western Department, declared martial law in Missouri, confiscated Confederate property, and emancipated their slaves.

On May 27, 1861, tracks owned by the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad intersected with those of the Sunbury and Erie Railroad and was called the " Atlantic and Erie Junction ".

Land at the junction was owned by Hiram Cory, who sold a portion to the Atlantic and Great Western in October 1861.

The origins of the ASX date back to the mid 1800s when six separate exchanges were established in Australia's state capital cities of Melbourne, Victoria, ( 1861 ), Sydney, New South Wales ( 1871 ), Hobart, Tasmania ( 1882 ), Brisbane, Queensland ( 1884 ), Adelaide, South Australia ( 1887 ) and Perth, Western Australia ( 1889 ).

He served as a division commander in the Western Army under Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont, and was appointed as commander of the Western Department on November 2, 1861, after Frémont was relieved of command due to his attempt to emancipate the slaves of rebellious slave holders.

In 1861 Congress passed the Land-Grant Telegraph Act which financed the construction of Western Union's transcontinental telegraph lines.

Following defeat in the Second Opium War, the Qing tried to modernize by adopting certain Western technologies through the Self-Strengthening Movement from 1861.

Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, had long had an interest in railways, and had served as Chairman of the London and North Western Railway from 1852 until 1861.

Thenceforward he devoted his whole time to a systematic examination of the French caves, his first publication on the subject being The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe ( 1860 ), followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period.

The first lasted from 1861 to 1872, emphasized the adoption of Western firearms, machines, scientific knowledge and training of technical and diplomatic personnel through the establishment of a diplomatic office and a college.

The divisions had been organized in 1861 ( the first, Banks ' Division of the Army of the Potomac, as early as July ) and by January, included 13 such formations in the Army of the Potomac ; two in Western Virginia ; one ( Burnside's ) in Maryland ; one ( Sherman's ) in South Carolina ; five more in the Army of the Ohio ; and one each in Missouri and Tennessee, for a total of 24 ; this total does not include multiple separate brigade-level formations, much less units in garrison at various fortifications and other posts from Maine to California.

The Battle of Philippi — also known mockingly as " The Philippi Races "— was fought on June 3, 1861, in and around Philippi, Virginia ( now West Virginia ) as part of the Western Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War.

Edith Brown was born and raised in Glengarry ( HI ) Station near Geraldton, Western Australia on 2 August 1861.

In 1861, the Alton, Alresford and Winchester Railway Company was authorised to build a new railway to connect to the existing London & South Western Railway lines at Alton and Winchester.

In September 1861, he resigned from the Army and became secretary of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission, having supervision of all the work of the commission in the Mississippi Valley, with headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky.

The Western railway line from Parramatta to Blacktown was built through the suburb in 1861.

Davis was educated at the Western Military Institute, now Montgomery Bell Academy, which he attended from 1860 – 1861.

Returning to the Western Theater later in 1861, Bate led the 2nd Tennessee in the Army of Mississippi at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862.

In 1861, Hampton was appointed Governor of Western Australia.

The Crittenden proposals were also discussed in February 1861 at the peace conference, the final formal effort to avert the start of war, only to fail again as the provision guaranteeing slave-ownership throughout all Western territories and future acquisitions proved too unpalatable for Lincoln and the Republicans.

The race has been held since 1861 ( see list of Melbourne Cup winners ) and was originally held over two miles ( about 3, 218 metres ) but following preparation for Australia's adoption of the metric system in the 1970s, the current race distance of 3, 200 metres was established in 1972.

1861: Ten years after the official advent of the Gold Rush, Australia's first stock exchange was formed in Melbourne.

In the 1850s Victoria was Australia's gold mining centre, its population increasing from 80, 000 in 1851 to 540, 000 in 1861.

Built in 1861, the 48 m tall Cape Wickham Lighthouse is Australia's, and the Southern Hemisphere's, tallest lighthouse.

The Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ) brought one of Georgia's most notable and notorious landmarks to the area, when a small village named Andersonville, nine miles ( 14 km ) north of Americus on the county's northern edge, was selected by Confederate authorities as the site for a prisoner of war camp.

The most notorious of these incidents, and the one which has generated more folklore than any other, was the so-called Lambing Flat Riot, actually a drawn-out series of incidents on the Burrangong Goldfield in New South Wales between November 1860 and September 1861.

* Dan Kelly ( bushranger ) ( 1861 – 1880 ), brother of Australian Ned Kelly

* Joe Cantillon (" Pongo Joe ", 1861 – 1930 ), U. S. manager in American Major League Baseball

* Richardson, Joe M. Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861 – 1890 ( 1986 )

Law enforcement in Seattle began with the appointment of William H. (" Uncle Joe ") Surber as town marshal in 1861.

In 1892, Margaret Marshall Saunders ( 1861 – 1947 ), first learned about Beautiful Joe when she visited her brother and his wife, Louise Moore.

In 1861, Mr. Brown's attention was called to yet another basic production problem -- the manufacture of twist drills.

Many people seem hopeful, yet it is difficult to predict whether or not there will be any more real attainment of Christian unity in 1961 than there was in 1861.

Abraham Lincoln ( February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 ) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

From the early 1830s, Lincoln was a steadfast Whig and professed to friends in 1861 to be, " an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay ".

On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D. C., which was placed under substantial military guard.

" The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was implausible.

President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

It was accepted by the War Department on May 6, 1861, effective May 3.

On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the huge area of the Confederacy west of the Allegheny Mountains, except for coastal areas.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861 – 62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign.

It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects, whereby subjects are called his liege subjects, because they are bound to obey and serve him ; and he is called their liege lord, because he should maintain and defend them ( Ex parte Anderson ( 1861 ) 3 El & El 487 ; 121 ER 525 ; China Navigation Co v Attorney-General ( 1932 ) 48 TLR 375 ; Attorney-General v Nissan 1 All ER 629 ; Oppenheimer v Cattermole 3 All ER 1106 ).

Although it had at first been somewhat established in many colonies, in 1861 it was ruled that, except where specifically established, the Church of England had just the same legal position as any other church.

Doubleday was promoted to major on May 14, 1861, and commanded the Artillery Department in the Shenandoah Valley from June to August, and then the artillery for Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks's division of the Army of the Potomac.

Mackenzie was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a supporter of George Brown in 1861.

* Assault with intent to resist arrest: under section 7 ( 1 )( b ); this offence was formerly created by s. 38 of the OAPA 1861.

When Tennessee seceded from the Union in 1861, Johnson was a Democratic U. S. Senator from Tennessee and was dedicated to Jacksonian Democracy, nationalism and limited government.

He was the 996th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, the 104th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword in 1861 and the 775th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1881.

In spring 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East.

Anne's father, Patrick Brontë ( 1777 – 1861 ), was born in a two-room cottage in Emdale, Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland.

Aristide Joseph Bonaventure Maillol ( December 8, 1861 – September 27, 1944 ) was a French Catalan sculptor, painter, and printmaker.

In 1835, Methodist Episcopal settlers established Albion College, which was known by a few other names before 1861 when the college was fully authorized to confer four-year degrees on both men and women.