When the North enthusiastically rallied behind the national flag after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war effort.

Their impolitic occupation of Columbus, Kentucky on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital, Richmond, Virginia, after his cross – country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality and the majority of Kentuckians into the Union camp.

On September 13, 1861, in view of the decision of the Kentucky legislature to side with the Union after the occupation of Columbus by Polk, Johnston ordered Brig.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school.

* 1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D. C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.

* 1861: Unification of Italy after victories by Guiseppe Garibaldi

* 1861 – American Civil War, Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ), first land battle of American Civil War after Battle of Fort Sumter, first Confederate combat casualty.

On February 9, 1861, after Davis resigned from the United States Senate, he was selected to be the provisional President of the Confederate States of America ; he was elected without opposition to a six-year term that November.

Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

Maeshowe soon after opening in 1861

When the country could not reconcile the issue of slavery and the federal union, the southern Presbyterians split from the original PCUSA, forming the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America in 1861, which became the Presbyterian Church in the United States after the American Civil War.

It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen.

South Australia granted restricted women's suffrage in 1861, and in 1895 became the second place in the world to grant universal suffrage ( after New Zealand ), and the first where women had the dual rights to vote and to stand for election.

Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, but as vaccines became common after 1760 the population increased to a maximum of 31, 670 in 1861.

Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers.

Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern Presbyterian Church in the United States ( PCUS ) after it split from the northern Presbyterians in 1861.

These years were some of Wagner's most difficult: the 1861 Paris production of Tannhäuser was a fiasco, Wagner gave up hope of completing Der Ring des Nibelungen, the 1864 Vienna production of Tristan und Isolde was abandoned after 77 rehearsals, and finally in 1866 Wagner's first wife, Minna died.

However, after a disastrous staging of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra, Wagner offered the work to the Karlsruhe opera in 1861.

During and after the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) Confederates popularized it as a derogatory term for their Northern enemies.

This four terminal measurement technique is called Kelvin sensing, after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who invented the Kelvin bridge in 1861 to measure very low resistances.

It is named after the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1861.

He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was captured by the Piedmontese troops on 13 February 1861 ; his kingdom was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina ( surrendered on 12 March 1861 ), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted until 20 March.

I think it is essential, however, to pinpoint here the difference between the two concepts of sovereignty that went to war in 1861 -- if only to see better how imperative is our need today to clarify completely our far worse confusion on this subject.

President Lincoln rejected two geographically limited emancipation attempts by Major General John C. Frémont in August 1861 and by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and it would upset the border states loyal to the Union.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) was unusual for at least two reasons: it was fought around regional identities, rather than political ideologies, and it was ended through a war of attrition, rather than over a decisive battle over control of the capital, as was the norm.

In 1861 the two existing U. S. Dragoon regiments were re-designated as the 1st and 2nd Cavalry.

Succeeding his mother, Radama II ( 1861 – 63 ) attempted to relax the queen's stringent policies, but was overthrown two years later by Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony ( 1852 – 1865 ) and an alliance of noble courtiers, who sought to end the absolute power of the monarch.

The race has been held since 1861 ( see list of Melbourne Cup winners ) and was originally held over two miles ( about 3, 218 metres ) but following preparation for Australia's adoption of the metric system in the 1970s, the current race distance of 3, 200 metres was established in 1972.

* 1861 – American Civil War: The " Trent Affair " – The stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US.

As a result of this struggle, the empire — through the mediation of the British Government under the Canning Award — was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities: Zanzibar ( with its East African dependencies ), and Muscat and Oman.

In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the American Civil War, the government of San Marino wrote a letter ( in " perfect Italian on one side, and imperfect but clear English on the other ") to United States President Abraham Lincoln, proposing an " alliance " between the two democratic nations and offering the President honorary San Marino citizenship.

The Morse / Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades ; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express.

Nast's cartoons and articles about the Garibaldi military campaign to unify Italy captured the popular imagination in the U. S. In 1861, he married Sarah Edwards, whom he had met two years earlier.

William and Jane had two daughters, Jane Alice ( Jenny ), born January 1861, who developed epilepsy in her teens, and Mary ( May ) ( March 1862 – 1938 ), who became the editor of her father's works, a prominent socialist, and an accomplished designer and craftswoman.

Grace was just short of his thirteenth birthday when, on 5 July 1861, he made his debut for Lansdown and played two matches that month.

The railway reached Dover from two directions: the South Eastern Railway's main line connected with Folkestone in 1844, and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway opened its line from Canterbury in 1861.

Albert died in December 1861 just two weeks after the visit.

In his " Colorado River of the West " report to the Senate in 1861 he states that " One or two trappers profess to have seen the canon.

In the first two years of the war, four major attempts had failed: the first foundered just miles away from Washington, D. C., at the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in July 1861.

Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy: a daughter, Marion ( born October 28, 1861 ) and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13, 1860 and died in infancy.

The duchy was constituted by rescript of 20 December 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February 1861, modified by legislation of 21 December 1867, granting power to the home parliament to enact all laws not reserved to the imperial diet, at which it was represented by eleven delegates, of whom two elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, commercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia by secret ballot, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age has the right to vote.

President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Acts into law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves from the Confederacy that came over into Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States.

In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song " John Brown's Body " by William W. Patton, rivaling the ones published two months later by Julia Ward Howe.

* Archer ( horse ), an Australian racehorse that won the first two Melbourne Cups in 1861 and 1862

* Sultanate of Zanzibar two incumbents ( from the Omani dynasty ) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices ; since 1964 union with Tanganyika part of Tanzania )