In July 1860, with European intervention threatening, the Turkish government tried to quiet the strife, but Napoleon III of France sent 7, 000 troops to Beirut and helped impose a partition: The Druze control of the territory was recognized as the fact on the ground, and the Maronites were forced into an enclave, arrangements ratified by the Concert of Europe in 1861.

When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army.

Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia ( as of October 22, 1861 ) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name.

In 1861 the Southern press bragged that Northern soldiers would " encounter a master race " and knowledge of this fact would cause Northern soldiers ' " knees to tremble ".

Historian and biographer Stephen W. Sears has called McClellan's actions " essentially sound " if he had been as outnumbered as he believed, but McClellan in fact rarely had less than a two-to-one advantage over his opponents in 1861 and 1862.

In 1861 the Civil War had broken out in America, and Earl Shilton was hard hit by the fact that the Northern States blockaded the ports of the Southern States, so that cotton could not be exported.

On 2 May 1861, formal approval of the Adams Appointment by the Cambridge Senate coincided closely with Carrington's abandonment of his seven and a half year long series of sunspot observations, and in fact was cited explicitly by Carrington in his book as his reason for quitting.

At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, Pemberton chose to resign his commission and join the Confederate cause, despite his Northern birth and the fact that his two younger brothers both fought for the Union.

James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force.

This was due in large part to the fact that a Holunger ( Josef Hildebrandt ), was the Kaiser ’ s driver from 1861 – 1888.

By 1860, the Tredegar Iron Works was the largest of its kind in the South, a fact that played a significant role in the decision to relocate the capital of the Confederacy from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond in May 1861.

In that respect, the fact that an individual has consented to the performance of an act which would otherwise be unlawful does not change the status of the act ; thus, in a case involving acts of sado-masochism committed in private between two consenting adults, the House of Lords held that the victim's consent to the acts did not afford their author a defence to charges under the Offences against the Person Act 1861.

In 1861 he had already made the acquaintance of Franz Liszt who, like Bruckner, had a strong, Catholic religious faith and who first and foremost was a harmonic innovator, initiating the new German school together with Wagner.

In his Guesses at the Riddle of Existence ( 1897 ), he abandons the faith in Christianity expressed in his lecture of 1861 on Historical Progress ( where he forecast the speedy reunion of Christendom on the ” basis of free conviction “), and writes in a spirit “ not of Agnosticism, if Agnosticism imports despair of spiritual truth, but of free and hopeful inquiry, the way for which it is necessary to clear by removing the wreck of that upon which we can found our faith no more .”

After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms ( the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree ), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state.

* 1861 – American Civil War: in order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government levies the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $ 800 ; rescinded in 1872 ).

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) was marked by fraud on all levels, both in the Union north and the Confederate south.

The 19th century brought a particular admiration for Leonardo's genius, causing Henry Fuseli to write in 1801: " Such was the dawn of modern art, when Leonardo da Vinci broke forth with a splendour that distanced former excellence: made up of all the elements that constitute the essence of genius ..." This is echoed by A. E. Rio who wrote in 1861: " He towered above all other artists through the strength and the nobility of his talents.

Not all of these decisions succeeded in the Victorian context, and Phelps experimented with various combinations of Shakespeare and Davenant in his more than a dozen productions between 1844 and 1861.

Maxwell's equations are named after the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, since in an early form they are all found in a four-part paper, " On Physical Lines of Force ", which he published between 1861 and 1862.

* 1861 – U. S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D. C., for all military-related cases.

Between 1857 and 1861 all stamps originally issued between 1851 to 1856 were reissued with perforations.

By the late 19th century 90 % of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8, 000 Shetlanders emigrated.

** American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 ( 3 % of all incomes over US $ 800 ; rescinded in 1872 ).

Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell's equations which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism.

However others may have felt, on January 2, 1861, Bayard is widely credited for convincing the Delaware General Assembly to drop, once and for all, any thought of secession.

The duchy was constituted by rescript of 20 December 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February 1861, modified by legislation of 21 December 1867, granting power to the home parliament to enact all laws not reserved to the imperial diet, at which it was represented by eleven delegates, of whom two elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, commercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia by secret ballot, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age has the right to vote.

The Army originated as the ( Confederate ) Army of the Potomac, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in northern Virginia.

The Standard gained eminence for its detailed foreign news, with its reporting events of the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, all contributing to a rise in circulation.

Around Monte Rosa, the Vincent family, Josef Zumstein ( 1783 – 1861 ), and Giovanni Gnifetti ( 1801 – 1867 ) did good work during the half century between 1778 and 1842, while in the Eastern Alps the Archduke John ( 1782 – 1850 ), Prince F. J. C. von Schwarzenberg, archbishop of Salzburg ( 1809 – 1885 ), Valentine Stanig ( 1774 – 1847 ), Adolf Schaubach ( 1800 – 1850 ), above all, P. J.

On November 1, 1861, Winfield Scott retired and McClellan became general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

But by the end of 1861, Union forces would occupy almost all of Missouri.

In the fall of 1861 a different crew of surveyors marked all the section corners in the township, walking through the woods and swamps, measuring with chain and compass.

In December of 1861 a different crew of surveyors marked all the section corners in the township, walking through the woods and swamps, measuring with chain and compass.

Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Rudolf Steiner ( 1861 – 1925 ), Alfred Adler ( 1879 – 1937 ), Erich Adickes ( 1866 – 1925 ), Eduard Spranger ( 1914 ), Ernst Kretschmer ( 1920 ), and Erich Fromm ( 1947 ) all theorized on the four temperaments ( with different names ) and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament.

The land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became, between 1850 and 1912, all or part of ten states: California ( 1850 ), Nevada ( 1864 ), Utah ( 1896 ), and Arizona ( 1912 ), as well as the whole of, depending upon interpretation, the entire state of Texas ( 1845 ) that then included part of Kansas ( 1861 ), Colorado ( 1876 ), Wyoming ( 1890 ), Oklahoma ( 1907 ), and New Mexico ( 1912 ).

Doubleday was promoted to major on May 14, 1861, and commanded the Artillery Department in the Shenandoah Valley from June to August, and then the artillery for Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks's division of the Army of the Potomac.

From there it spread to the United States, arriving at Yale University in 1861, and then to the United Kingdom in 1921.

Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

In 1857, the king had a stroke and his brother William became regent, then became King William I in 1861.

* 1861 – Pakistan ’ s ( then a part of British India ) first railway line opens, from Karachi to Kotri.

By 1861, it was modified to show 34 stars ( the number of states then in the Union ).

His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 – 70 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L ' Osservatore Romano in 1861.

Noted or briefly described by 16th century travellers, the first archaeological description of the city was made in 1856 by Perrot, then in 1861 by L. Heuzey and H. Daumet in their famous Mission archéologique de Macédoine.

From then on he did not write any fiction until the death of his mother in 1861.

In 1861 he became the editor and proprietor of the Dublin University Magazine and he began to take advantage of double publication, first serializing in the Dublin University Magazine, then revising for the English market.

Replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez ( 1861 – 1863 ) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte ( 1863 – 1864 ) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico ( 1864 – 1867 ) with the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire.

This event, and the virtually contemporaneous occurrence of the American Civil War ( 1861 – 64 ), which threatened to, and then did, put an end to slavery, coincided with a polarization of attitudes exemplified by the phenomenon of scientific racism.

He was nominated by the party convention and then elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861.

Lady Audley's Secret was partially serialized in Robin Goodfellow magazine July – September 1861, then entirely serialized in Sixpenny Magazine January – December 1862 and once again serialized in London Journal March – August 1863.

In 1861, he achieved First Class level in the matriculation examination and then attended University College, London.

After the end of the Spanish period following the European wars of the early 18th century, the brief period of Austrian rule ( 1708 – 1717 ) was succeeded by domination by the Piemontese, who then took over the Title of Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1720 – 1861 ).

The piece then played in German at the Stadt Theatre, on Broadway, beginning in March, 1861.

De Bary published his first work on fungi in 1861, and then spent more than 15 years studying Peronosporeae, particularly Phytophthora infestans ( formerly Peronospora infestans ) and Cystopus ( Albugo ), parasites of potato.

The gain of the Milanese in 1859 by the future king of Italy ( 1861 ) meant that Italy then won the valley of Livigno ( between the Upper Engadine and Bormio ), which is the only important bit it holds on the non-Italian slope of the Alps, besides the county of Tenda ( obtained in 1575, and not lost in 1860 ), with the heads of certain glens in the Maritime Alps, reserved in 1860 for reasons connected with hunting.

Lawson also recounts a story by a resident of Richmond in 1861 who describes Morphy as then being " an officer on Beauregard ’ s staff.

The plinth carries two brass drinking fountain heads on opposite sides, and the inscription ; IN REMEMBRANCE OF SAMUEL GURNEY / WHO DIED THE 5TH OF JUNE 1856 / ERECTED BY HIS FELLOW PARISHIONERS AND FRIENDS / 1861 / " When the ear heard him then it blessed him " ( a paraphrase from the Book of Job, Chapter 29 verse 11 ).

It was the first gold rush area of present-day Idaho ( then Washington Territory ) in 1860 and was made the county seat of a vast Shoshone County in 1861, two years prior to the establishment of the Idaho Territory.

It was the first gold rush area of present-day Idaho ( then Washington Territory ) in 1860 and was made the county seat of a vast Shoshone County in 1861, two years prior to the establishment of the Idaho Territory.

In July 1861, at the start of the war, the Bossier Parish Police Jury appropriated $ 35, 000 for the benefit of Confederate volunteers and their family members left behind, an amount then considered generous.