Smithson's papers and collection of minerals were destroyed in a fire in 1865, however, his collection of 213 books remain intact at the Smithsonian.

By 1865, the Smithsonian Institution began a catalog of current scientific papers, which became the International Catalogue of Scientific Papers in 1902.

He cited Mendel's 1865 and 1869 papers in the bibliography that accompanied his 1892 paper, " Cross Breeding and Hybridizing.

In the years to follow both Thomson ’ s 1852 and the 1865 papers, Helmholtz and Rankine both credited Thomson with the idea, but read further into his papers by publishing views stating that Thomson argued that the universe will end in a " heat death " ( Helmholtz ) which will be the " end of all physical phenomena " ( Rankine ).

In 1865, a scholarship enabled him to visit Paris, where he studied under Charles Hermite as well as Joseph Bertrand, and published several papers.

In 1865 their genuineness was impugned by Herman Merivale in the Fortnightly Review ; but it was vindicated on grounds of internal evidence by James Gairdner in the same periodical ; and within a year Gairdner's contention was established by the discovery of the originals of Fenn's fifth volume, together with other letters and papers, by William Frere's son, Philip Frere, in his house at Dungate, near Balsham, Cambridgeshire.

The Appeal later journeyed to Jackson, Mississippi, Meridian, Mississippi, Atlanta, Georgia, and finally Montgomery, Alabama, where the plates were destroyed on April 6, 1865, only days before the Confederate surrender, halting publication temporarily of what had been one of the major papers serving the Southern cause.

" A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field " is the third of James Clerk Maxwell's papers regarding electromagnetism, published in 1865.

From 1865 onwards he treated this question in several papers, and in particular maintained the dissociation of vapor of chloral hydrate, in opposition to Etienne Henri Sainte-Claire Deville and Marcellin Berthelot.

He founded, in 1865, and edited the important Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie, to which he contributed many papers, and he advanced the subject generally, by refining on its technical methods.

However, in 1865 his father showed him papers relating to the trials of Fenians and he too became involved in the operations against them, becoming the foremost expert on them and operations against them.

In 1865, another change was made to the formula-the tissue previously used in the papers was replaced with paper made from rice.

In 1865, he acquired the papers of Enfantin, which are a rich source for the history of Saint-Simonism.

Part of the mystery stems from the fact that the papers have not survived and appear to have been intentionally destroyed by Union Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1865.

Unfortunately the destruction of the records by Stanton has prevented their examination in modern times and restricted historical knowledge of them to the surviving copies and examinations conducted between March 5, 1864 and November 1865 when Stanton seized the papers.

The two generals met again on April 26, 1865, and signed the final papers of surrender, which disbanded all active Confederate forces in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, totaling 89, 270 soldiers, the largest group to surrender during the war.

He did not, however, publish any papers on the subject, though after his death his notes were arranged and published by Dr. J. L. A. Roth in the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy ( Ueber die vulkanischen Erscheinungen in der Eifel und über die Metamorphie der Gesteine durch erhöhte Temperatur, Berlin, 1865 ).

The thesis written for his doctorate, Application de l ' analyse chimique à la toxicologie ( 1859 ), was followed by many papers on chemistry contributed to learned journals, and his Principes de chimie fondés sur les théories modernes ( 1865 ) reached its 5th edition in 1890.

Pettenkofer gave vigorous expression to his views on hygiene and disease in numerous books and papers ; he was an editor of the Zeitschrift für Biologie ( together with Carl von Voit ) from 1865 to 1882, and of the Archiv des Hygiene from 1883 to 1894.

In 1865, Putnam published a paper on “ An Indian Grave and its Contents, on Winter Island, Salem, Massachusetts .” His archeological activity may be said to date from the publication of this paper, for, on looking over the long list of titles of his publications, it will be seen that, from this time, papers on early American man steadily increase in number, and the work of the zoologist practically ceases.

After a long debate in the House, a second attempt passed Congress on January 13, 1865, and was sent to the state legislatures for ratification.

Upon ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.

When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

After the Civil War, Doubleday mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865, reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and became the colonel of the 35th U. S. Infantry in September 1867.

At his and Lincoln's inaugural ceremony on March 4, 1865, Johnson, who had been drinking with John W. Forney that morning, as well as the night before, gave a rambling speech and appeared intoxicated to many.

The President also reassured many by his decisiveness in ordering the establishment of a military commission on May 1, 1865 to try the surviving conspirators involved in Lincoln's assassination.

Corbett was a member of the 16th New York Cavalry Regiment sent, on April 24, 1865, to apprehend John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln, who was still at large.

Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin ( née Hill, 1865 – 1928 ) and Charles Chaplin Sr. ( 1863 – 1901 ).

Guldberg and Waage ( 1865 ), building on Berthollet ’ s ideas, proposed the law of mass action:

In 1865, the German painter, author and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, about two trouble-making boys, which had a direct influence on the American comic strip.

* Cavalry tactics from Francis J. Lippitt's, A Treatise on the Tactical Use of the Three Arms: Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry ( 1865 )

The 1801, 1865, 1900 and 1910 censuses are transcribed and made searchable on the internet.

Picture of Davenport in 1865 ; on the right is the Iowa ( steamboat ) | Steamboat Iowa, which appears in the Seal of Iowa.

The historical classification of Diprotodon consisted of eight species ( Diprotodon optatum Owen, 1838 ; Diprotodon australis Owen, 1844 ; D. annextans McCoy, 1861 ; D. minor Huxley, 1862 ; D. longiceps McCoy 1865 ; D. loderi Krefft, 1873a ; D. bennettii Krefft, 1873b ( nec D. bennettii Owen, 1877 ); and D. bennettii Owen, 1877 ( nec D. bennettii Krefft, 1873b ); based on size or slight morphological differences of single specimens collected from isolated geographic regions.

Beatty resigned from the regiment on 21 November 1865, with the honorary rank of Captain.

Constantin Heger, teacher of Charlotte and Emily during their stay in Brussels, on a daguerreotype dated from circa 1865

The term entropy was coined in 1865 by Rudolf Clausius based on the Greek εντροπία, a turning toward, from εν-( in ) and τροπή ( turn, conversion ).

( Slaves in Union-held areas and Northern states would become freed with the adoption of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.

* 1865 – Union forces under Major General William T. Sherman set the South Carolina State House on fire during the burning of Columbia.

Frédéric Bazille, Self-portrait, 1865 – 1866, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago

The counting of possible isomers for diderivatives was however criticized by Albert Ladenburg, a former student of Kekulé, who argued that Kekulé's 1865 structure implied two distinct " ortho " structures, depending on whether the substituted carbons are separated by a single or a double bond.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) was marked by fraud on all levels, both in the Union north and the Confederate south.

In his paper " Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden " (" Experiments on Plant Hybridization "), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein ( Society for Research in Nature ) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.

The Civil War came to an end on April 26, 1865 when Confederate General Johnston surrendered his armies in the Carolinas Campaign to Union General Sherman.

The idea of particulate inheritance of genes can be attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel who published his work on pea plants in 1865.