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In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.
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1917 and Albert
Albert Einstein created the foundations for the laser and maser in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived Max Planck ’ s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
* 1917 – Albert Castelyns, Belgian water polo player and bobsledder
* 1986 – Albert L. Lehninger, American biochemist ( b. 1917 )
* Albert Eulenburg ( 1840 – 1917 )
The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.
The structure of graphite was solved in 1916 by the related method of powder diffraction, which was developed by Peter Debye and Paul Scherrer and, independently, by Albert Hull in 1917.
* January 12 – Albert Guay, Canadian murderer ( executed ) ( b. 1917 )
* August 14 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, Victoria Cross recipient ( d. 1917 )
* 1917 Albert Einstein introduces the idea of stimulated radiation emission
* 23 November 1917 – Albert Lebrun succeeds Jonnart as Minister of Liberated Regions and Blockade.
The high point came in 1917 when the four-masted, long Albert F. Paul was launched from the William G. Abbott shipyard.
by Albert Bigelow Paine ( 2 vol 1917 ) vol 2 online
The 1917 proclamation stated that the name of the Royal House and all British descendants of Victoria and Albert in the male line were to bear the name of Windsor, except for women who married into other families.
Albert Henry George Grey, 4th Earl Grey ( 28 November 185129 August 1917 ) was a British nobleman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the ninth since Canadian Confederation.
* Margo Albert ( 1917 – 1985 ), actress, wife of Eddie Albert
** The Great War battalions: Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914 ' 18, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Ypres 1914 ' 17 ' 18, Langemarck 1914, Gheluvelt, Nonne Bosschen, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 ' 18, Albert 1916, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 ' 18, Vimy 1917, Scarpe 1917 ' 18, Arleux, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 ' 18, St Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Lys, Estaires, Messines 1918, Hazebrouck, Kemmel, Béthune, Scherpenberg, Soissonnais-Ourcq, Tardenois, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Épéhy, St Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Courtrai, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914-18, Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1915-18, Egypt 1916, Gaza, Jerusalem, Tell ' Asur, Megiddo, Sharon, Damascus, Palestine 1917-18, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1915-17
* The Great War: Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, Messines 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 ' 15, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Somme 1916 ' 18, Flers-Courcelette, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Cambrai 1917 ' 18, St. Quentin, Rosières, Amiens, Albert 1918, Hindenburg Line, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, France and Flanders 1914 – 18
1917 and Einstein
Einstein published his first paper on relativistic cosmology in 1917, in which he added this cosmological constant to his field equations in order to force them to model a static universe.
In 1917, Einstein applied his theory to the universe as a whole, initiating the field of relativistic cosmology.
The Institute ’ s board of directors included Heinrich Konen and Walther Nernst around 1930, Albert Einstein ( 1917 – 1933 ), Ludwig Prandtl, and Max Planck, as well as representatives from Siemens AG, Krupp, and Zeiss.
Levi-Civita's series of papers on the problem of a static gravitational field were also discussed in his 1915 – 1917 correspondence with Einstein.
Einstein not only researched and wrote detailed works on specific topics, but wrote popular histories of music, including the Short History of Music ( 1917 ), and Greatness in Music ( 1941 ).
Einstein originally introduced this term in his pioneering 1917 paper on cosmology, with a very specific motivation: contemporary cosmological thought held the universe to be static, and the additional term was required for constructing static model universes within the framework of general relativity.
Einstein proposed this equation in 1917, written as:
Also Einstein ( 1917 ) created a model with an observer in the middle between A and B.
1917 and established
In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and in 1962, John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be bishops.
The party led the 1917 October Revolution that overthrew the Russian Provisional Government and claimed to have established the world's first socialist state.
Category: Organizations established in 1917
In 1917 Columbia established the Lincoln School of Teachers College “ as a laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary curriculum which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form material adapted to the needs of modern living .” ( Cremin, 282 ) Based on Flexner ’ s demand that the modern curriculum “ include nothing for which an affirmative case can not be made out ” ( Cremin, 281 ) the new school organized its activities around four fundamental fields: science, industry, aesthetics and civics.
After the Finnish non-socialists won the October 1917 Parliamentary elections, they established an informal truce with the Russian Provisional Government, a situation which was completely disrupted by the Bolshevist revolution in October.
Category: Organizations established in 1917
The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917.
* 1917 – The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is established through Royal Charter to mark, record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations military forces.
Category: Organizations established in 1917
Category: Recurring sporting events established in 1917
Category: Sports leagues established in 1917
Category: Government agencies established in 1917
After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established during the February Revolution of 1917.
Finland was the first republic that declared its independence from Russia in December 1917, and established itself in the ensuing Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918.
In 1917, the astronomer Harlow Shapley was able to estimate the Sun's distance from the galactic centre based on the distribution of globular clusters ; previously the Sun's location within the Milky Way was by no means well established.
When the tsar was overthrown in 1917, Jadidists established a short-lived autonomous state at Quqon.
On the home front in 1917, he began the United States ' first draft since the American Civil War, borrowed billions of dollars in war funding through the newly established Federal Reserve Bank and Liberty Bonds, set up the War Industries Board, promoted labor union cooperation, supervised agriculture and food production through the Lever Act, took over control of the railroads, and suppressed anti-war movements.
Yerevan was the centre of the newly established governorate until 1917, when Erivan governorate was dissolved.
On 20 December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars officially established the All-Russia Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-revolution and Sabotage — usually known as the Cheka ( based on the Russian acronym ВЧК ).
In the chaos brought by the Russian revolution of October 1917, a National Council ( Sfatul Ţării ) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia by some political and professional organizations and 10 elected from Transnistria ( the left bank of the Dniester River where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the majority of the population was Ukrainian.
Category: Companies established in 1917
The Harbor Development Commission, a joint advisory board set-up in 1917, recommended that a bi-state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district.
Category: Awards established in 1917
Category: Political parties established in 1917
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