However Ahmad in his book expresses his chagrin at how his critique of Jameson has been appropriated by Postcolonial scholars as an attack on Marxism, while Ahmad contends that he takes issue with Jameson simply because his use of Marxism in the essay on Third World Literature is not rigorous enough.

In fact, Shestov used the story of Job as a central signifier for his core philosophy ( the vast critique of the history of Western philosophy, which he saw broadly as a monumental battle between Reason and Faith, Athens and Jerusalem, secular and religious outlook ):

This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.

* Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory ( 1941 ), Presents the Hegelian Perspective along with a critique of Marxism and positivist philosophy .< ref name = oxfordref >" Marcuse, Herbert " A Dictionary of Sociology.

The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes ' idealism.

He also notes that there's not a trace of " relativism " or a critique of Reason and the Enlightenment in his works.

Reason is often said to be reflexive, or " self-correcting ," and the critique of reason has been a persistent theme in philosophy.

Black's short book (" about an even shorter book ," as he put it ) was succeeded — as an E-book published in 20l1 at the online Anarchist Library — by " Nightmares of Reason ," a longer and more wide-ranging critique of Bookchin's anthropological and historical arguments, especially Bookchin's espousal of " libertarian municipalism " which Black ridiculed as " mini-statism.

Black has reiterated this interpretation of the ethnographic record, this time with citations and references, in " Primitive Affluence ," reprinted in his book " Friendly Fire " ( Autonomedia 1994 ), and in " Nightmares of Reason " ( a critique of Murray Bookchin posted at TheAnarchistLibrary. org ).

Also referred to as Kant's " first critique ," it was followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment.

He also writes that there is no " relativism " or a critique of Reason and the Enlightenment in his works.

However, the Critique of Practical Reason is not a critique of pure practical reason, but rather a defense of it as being capable of grounding behavior superior to that grounded by desire-based practical reasoning.

He also notes that there's not a trace of " relativism " or a critique of Reason and the Enlightenment in his works.

" Eventually, past works such as these on Black ’ s critique of “ Bookchinism ” as a whole, and further articulations of post-left anarchy, were collated into a book that was published in electronic form as Nightmares of Reason.

Initially defending coherentism in his anti-foundationalist critique The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, BonJour has since moved to defend Cartesian foundationalism in such works as Epistemology and In Defense of Pure Reason.

In some ways, it can be seen as a precursor to Søren Kierkegaard's Either / Or or Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, where some even describe it as a " more incisive and decisive critique of metaphysics than that of Kant.

Pierre Laberge ( 1972 ) observes that Kant's famous critique of physicotheology in the Critique of Pure Reason ( 1781 ; second edition 1787 ) has tended to obscure the fact that in his early work, General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens ( 1755 ), Kant defended a physicotheology that at the time was startlingly original, but that succeeded only to the extent that it concealed what Laberge terms a theophysics (" ce que nous appellerons une théophysique ").

Robert Nozick's influential critique of Rawls argues that distributive justice is not a matter of the whole distribution matching an ideal pattern, but of each individual entitlement having the right kind of history.

Moreover, argues Rico, the structure of the novel is radically different from previous works of the picaresque genre: Quevedo uses the conventions of the picaresque as a mere vehicle to show off his abilities with conceit and rhetoric, rather than to construct a satirical critique of Spanish Golden Age society.

In 2004 he surfaced in the media with a damning critique of the University of Melbourne's experimentation with what he says are risky financial ventures and what he argues is its departure from its public mission.

This approach is a critique of the dominant anger and rage interventions in the UK including probation, prison and psychology models, which she argues does not address rage at a deep enough level.

Resisting ideolologies involves resisting the conceptual metaphors which an ideology adopts and imposes upon us, Goatly argues, following George Lakoff and his critique of conceptual metaphors in contemporary politics.

Another critique has come from the British criminologist Steve Hall, who argues that ' moral panic ' is one of the weakest concepts in the social sciences.

Continuing his critique of reductionism, he is the author of Mind and Cosmos ( 2012 ), in which he argues against a reductionist view, and specifically the neo-Darwinian view, of the emergence of consciousness.

This critique of synthetic a priori knowledge argues that the only truths which are self-evident to reason are statements which are true as a matter of definition, such as the statements of formal logic and mathematics.

That was the main reason why, Marx argues, the real sources of surplus-value were shrouded or obscured by ideology, and why Marx thought that political economy merited a critique.

The most cited criticism of his work is by Professor Brendan McSweeney ( Royal Holloway, University of London and Stockholm University ) who argues that Hofstede's methodology is fundamentally flawed Hofstede replied to this critique ( see details in the list of Hofstede's publications below ).

He argues that the former's review was " hardly charitable ", and that she had narrowly framed Hegemony or Survival as a critique purely of the Bush administration, something Mathur highlighted it clearly was not.

For examples of this critique, Ostrom in her book Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action ( 1990 ) argues that instead of self-interest always causing degradation, it can sometimes motivate people to take care of their common property resources.

Andrew Kliman argues that, since internally inconsistent theories cannot possibly be right, the inconsistency charges serve to legitimate the suppression of Marx's critique of political economy and current-day research based upon it, as well as the correction of Marx's alleged inconsistencies.

The Lucas critique, named for Robert Lucas ' work on macroeconomic policymaking, argues that it is naïve to try to predict the effects of a change in economic policy entirely on the basis of relationships observed in historical data, especially highly aggregated historical data.

MacIntyre argues that despite their incommensurability there are various ways in which alien traditions might engage one another rationally — most especially via a form of immanent critique which makes use of empathetic imagination to then put the rival tradition into " epistemic crisis " but also by being able to solve shared or analogous problems and dilemmas from within one's own tradition which remain insoluble from the rival approach.

In 2007 they published the controversial From Little Things Big Things Grow: Strategies for building revolutionary socialist organisations by Mick Armstrong, which argues their orientation for building a cadre organisation in times of revolutionary downturn and a critique of the Australian Labor Party: The Labor Party: A Marxist Analysis by Armstrong and Bramble.

Major published items include Unemployment, ( 1979 ), which analysed the economic causes and social consequences of unemployment in Australia and advocated a socialist response ; The Media: a New Analysis of the Press, Television, Radio and Advertising in Australia, ( 1984 ), on the political economy and content of the news and entertainment media ; The Killing of History, ( 1994 ), a critique of postmodernism in history ; The Fabrication of Aboriginal History: Volume One: Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847, ( 2002 ), which accuses a number of Australian historians of falsifying and inventing the degree of violence in the past ; The White Australia Policy, ( 2004 ), a history of that policy which argues that academic historians have exaggerated the degree of racism in Australian history ; and The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume Three: The Stolen Generations 1881-2008, which argues the story of the " stolen generations " of Aboriginal children is a myth.

Heidegger argues that a true understanding of being ( Seinsverständnis ) can only proceed by referring to particular beings, and that the best method of pursuing being must inevitably, he says, involve a kind of hermeneutic circle, that is ( as he explains in his critique of prior work in the field of hermeneutics ), it must rely upon repetitive yet progressive acts of interpretation.

Most well-known is the critique by Robert Lucas, who argues that rational expectations will defeat any monetary or fiscal policy.

They include The Evidence of the Senses, which argues for a unique form of direct realism about perception ; Unrugged Individualism, which explores benevolence as a virtue ; A Life of One's Own, a moral critique of the welfare state ; and The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand, focusing on the schisms within the Objectivist movement.

" Part scathing critique, part call to action, ' Independent Media In A Time Of War ', argues that dialogue is vital to a healthy democracy.

Fradenburg argues for a radical rereading of the binary oppositions between Christian and Jew, Old Law and New Law, literal and spiritual in the tale in part to critique the “ patristic exegesis ” of Sherman Hawkins ’ earlier interpretation.

He has used the quarterly shareholder letters of his fund as a running critique of what he calls the " primacy of the income account " (" primacy of the income account " means that corporate wealth is created only by flows, i. e., having positive earnings, and / or cash flows for a period ), which he argues serves only short-term speculators rather than long-term investors.

In these final pieces he offered a critique of Western science in which he suggested that non-European languages often referred to physical phenomena in ways that more directly reflected aspects of reality than many European languages, and that science ought to pay attention to the effects of linguistic categorization in its efforts to describe the physical world.

( One cannot critique promoting Western values if one believes that said values are absolutely correct.

Marcus and Fischer's attention to anthropology's refusal to accept Western culture's claims to universality implies that cultural relativism is a tool not only in cultural understanding, but in cultural critique.

The film's critique of the romantic idealization of duty is comparable to that in the earlier film All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 ), based on the novel by Erich Maria Remarque.

" Ultimately, the " acid Western " expresses a counterculture sensibility to critique and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange.

In 1955, following a stint as an economic advisor to the government of Burma, he published the short paper " Economics in a Buddhist Country ," his first known critique of the effects of Western economics on developing countries.

This volume included one of the most notable parables in Western Philosophy: that of the Abbey of Thélème, which can either be considered a point-for-point critique of the educational practices of the age, or a call to free schooling, or all sorts of notions on human nature.

The book is not a traditional autobiography, but combines autobiography with a social critique of contemporary Western culture's consumerist and materialist attitudes and its distance from and destruction of nature.

In this, they follow Heidegger ’ s critique of Aristotle as the greatest source of the entire tradition of Western philosophy.

He is best known for his critique of Western economies and his proposals for human-scale, decentralized and appropriate technologies.

In an opposite direction, he premiered a technologically innovative opera called Dennis Cleveland at the Kitchen in 1996, based on a talk show format and with some of the singers / actors spread out among the audience, though with a dense libretto drawn from John Ralston Saul's critique of Western society in the latter's book Voltaire's Bastards.

By the 1980s, a critique of eco-Marxism was in the offing, given empirical data from countries ( mostly in Western Europe like the Netherlands, Western Germany and somewhat the United Kingdom ) that were attempting to wed environmental protection with economic growth instead of seeing them as separate.

Their critique covered media coverage in Africa and the developing world in the context of Western intervention, underdevelopment and poverty.

Ellacuría's philosophy takes as a starting point Xavier Zubiri's ( 1898 – 1983 ) critique of Western philosophy.

Here Millett offers a comprehensive critique of patriarchy in Western society and literature.

* " Soviet Agriculture: A critique of the myths constructed by Western critics ", by Joseph E. Medley, Department of Economics, University of Southern Maine ( US ).

Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the 20th Century ( 1989 ) is a non-fiction book by American rock-music critic Greil Marcus that examines popular music and art as a social critique of Western culture.

In the book Al-e-Ahmad developed a " stinging critique of western techonology, and by implication of Western ` civilization ` itself ".

al-Afghani's ideology has been described as a welding of " traditional " religious antipathy toward non-Muslims " to a modern critique of Western imperialism and an appeal for the unity of Islam ", urging the adoption of Western sciences and institutions that might strengthen Islam.

Ahmed also concludes that through his rigorous critique and generalizations of women in Egypt along with his zealous praise of European society and colonialism, Amin, in effect, promoted the substitution of Egyptian androcentrism with Western androcentrism, not feminism.

This critique stems from the dichotomy Western philosophy has conjectured with the mind and body phenomena.