Literary sources are Alexander's propagandist Arrian ( Anabasis Alexandri 2. 3 ) Quintus Curtius ( 3. 1. 14 ), Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus ( 11. 7. 3 ), and Aelian's De Natura Animalium 13. 1.

* Aelian's De Naturam Animalum VII ( Latin )

Aelian's anecdotes on animals rarely depend on direct observation: they are almost entirely taken from written sources, often Pliny the Elder, but also other authors and works now lost, to whom he is thus a valuable witness.

Willem Lodewijk describes drilling soldiers in a similar manner to how Aelian " countermarched " his troops ; ' I have discovered ex evolutionibus is, from Aelian's discussions of drill a method of getting the musketeers and soldiers armed with harquebuses not only to keep firing very well but to do it effectively in battle order ( that is to say, they do not skirmish or use the cover of hedges ) in the following manner: as soon as the first rank has fired together, then by the drill have learned they will march to the back.

Various History — for the most part preserved only in an abridged form — is Aelian's other well-known work, a miscellany of anecdotes and biographical sketches, lists, pithy maxims, and descriptions of natural wonders and strange local customs, in 14 books, with many surprises for the cultural historian and the mythographer, anecdotes about the famous Greek philosophers, poets, historians, and playwrights and myths instructively retold.

In Aelian's natural history, written in the early third century CE, Nereus was also the father of a watery consort of Aphrodite named Nerites who was transformed into " a shellfish with a spiral shell, small in size but of surpassing beauty.

Aelian's military treatise in fifty-three chapters on the tactics of the Greeks, titled On tactical arrays of the Greeks (), is dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, though this is probably a mistake for Trajan, and the date 106 has been assigned to it.

* The Evidence for Aelian's Katêgoria tou gunnidos regarding Aelian's presumed invective against Elagabalus

Perhaps the chief value of Aelian's work lies in his critical account of preceding works on the art of war, and in the fullness of his technical details in matters of drill.

In the letter William Louis discusses the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica.

Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the bestiaries of the Middle Ages ; in some ways an allegory of the moral world, an Emblem Book.

Conrad Gessner ( or Gesner ), the Swiss scientist and natural historian of the Renaissance, made a Latin translation of Aelian's work, to give it a wider European audience.

Two English translations of the Various History, by Fleming ( 1576 ) and Stanley ( 1665 ) made Aelian's miscellany available to English readers, but after 1665 no English translation appeared, until three English translations appeared almost simultaneously: James G. DeVoto, Claudius Aelianus: Ποιϰίλης Ἱοτορίας (" Varia Historia ") Chicago, 1995 ; Diane Ostrom Johnson, An English Translation of Claudius Aelianus ' " Varia Historia ", 1997 ; and N. G. Wilson, Aelian: Historical Miscellany in the Loeb Classical Library.

This shrine is described in Aelian's 3rd century AD work Varia Historia.

In a letter to his cousin Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange dated December 8, 1594 William Louis set out ( from reading the Tactica by Aelianus Tacticus ) an argument around the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica.

* Cicero, De natura deorum iii. 21. 53, 23. 59

* Folio 71 recto: Of the nature of Snakes ( De natura serpentium )

In addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping, he also wrote De natura rerum, or On the Nature of Things, modelled in part after the work of the same title by Isidore of Seville.

* De natura animalium at LacusCurtius ( complete Latin translation )

*" De natura animalium at Google Books 1866 edition ( original Greek )

** De rerum natura by Lucretius ( Latin Literature, Epicurean philosophy )

Lucretius apotheosized Epicurus as the main character of his epic poem De rerum natura.

In 1545, he followed with the De natura eorum quae effluunt e terra ; in 1546 the De veteribus et novis metallis, a comprehensive account of the discovery and occurrence of minerals and also more commonly known as De Natura Fossilium ; in 1548, the De animantibus subterraneis ; and in the two following years a number of smaller works on the metals.

Peter the Deacon gives a list of some seventy books Desiderius had copied at Monte Cassino, including works of Saint Augustine, Saint Ambrose, Saint Bede, Saint Basil, Saint Jerome, Saint Gregory of Nazianzus and Cassian, the registers of Popes Felix and Leo, the histories of Josephus, Paul Warnfrid, Jordanes and Saint Gregory of Tours, the Institutes and Novels of Justinian, the works of Terence, Virgil and Seneca, Cicero's De natura deorum, and Ovid's Fasti.

These types of examples can be seen in the work of the ancient philosopher Cicero, especially in his De natura deorum, ii.

Italian Fortunio Liceti publishes his book De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis ( On the nature, causes and differences of monsters ).

His only known work is the epic philosophical poem De rerum natura about the beliefs of Epicureanism, and which is translated into English as On the Nature of Things or " On the Nature of the Universe ".

The De rerum natura was a considerable influence on the Augustan poets, particularly Virgil ( in his Aeneid and Georgics, and to a lesser extent in his Eclogues ) and Horace.

In relation to this discrepancy in the frequency of Lucretius ' reference to the apparent subject of his poem, Kannengiesse advances the theory that Lucretius wrote the first version of De rerum natura for the reader at large, and subsequently revised in order to write it for Memmius.

* Marcus Tullius Cicero, De natura deorum II, 66 ( Latin )

The history of these statements can be traced back to Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption and Cicero's De natura deorum, through Blaise Pascal and Jonathan Swift, and finally to modern statements with their iconic typewriters.

Three centuries later, Cicero's De natura deorum ( On the Nature of the Gods ) argued against the atomist worldview:

According to Dijksterhuis, " In De natura lucis et proprietate ( 1662 ) Isaac Vossius said that Descartes had seen Snell's paper and concocted his own proof.

" In On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος, De natura animalium ), Aelian, quoting Ctesias, adds that India produces also a one-horned horse ( iii.

In contrast the Medieval European's sense of self was linked to a network of social roles: " the household, the kinship network, the guild, the corporation-these were the building blocks of personhood ", Stephen Greenblatt observes, in recounting the recovery ( 1417 ) and career of Lucretius ' poem De rerum natura: " at the core of the poem lay key principles of a modern understanding of the world.

Augustine wrote four letters specifically on Pelagianism, " De peccatorum meritis et remissione libri III " ( Three Books on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins ) in 412, " De spiritu et litera " ( On the Spirit and the Letter ) and " Definitiones Caelestii " ( Caelestius's Definitions ) in 414, and " De natura et gratia " ( On Nature and Grace ) in 415.

He is widely credited with devising the concept of the great chain of being, in De partibus animalium, in which animals of the earth exist on a fixed and unchanging ladder of perfection depending on the mixture of fundamental elements within the animal ( Graves 2001 ).

* Problemata, De partibus animalium and De generatione animalium of Aristotle

There exist translations by Scot himself of the Historia animalium, of De anima and of De coelo, along with the commentaries of Averroes upon them.

* De aure et auditu hominis et animalium ( 1820 )

* De abstinentia ab esu animalium Jean Bouffartigue, M. Patillon, and Alain-Philippe Segonds, edd., 3 vols., Budé ( Paris, 1979 – 1995 ).

His systematic researches were collected in De differentiis animalium libri decem, published in Paris in 1552.

de: De generatione animalium

pt: De generatione animalium

de: De partibus animalium

pt: De partibus animalium

By mid-September he was back at the council board, but one lasting legacy of his stay in Paris was the publication, which he had arranged while there, of Edward Wotton's treatise on botany, De differentiis animalium ( 1552 ).

* De respiratione animalium, 1808