Aelian's work is one of the sources of medieval natural history and of the bestiaries of the Middle Ages ; in some ways an allegory of the moral world, an Emblem Book.

Conrad Gessner ( or Gesner ), the Swiss scientist and natural historian of the Renaissance, made a Latin translation of Aelian's work, to give it a wider European audience.

Various History — for the most part preserved only in an abridged form — is Aelian's other well-known work, a miscellany of anecdotes and biographical sketches, lists, pithy maxims, and descriptions of natural wonders and strange local customs, in 14 books, with many surprises for the cultural historian and the mythographer, anecdotes about the famous Greek philosophers, poets, historians, and playwrights and myths instructively retold.

* Some quotes from Aelian's natural history ( English )

Aelian's anecdotes on animals rarely depend on direct observation: they are almost entirely taken from written sources, often Pliny the Elder, but also other authors and works now lost, to whom he is thus a valuable witness.

This shrine is described in Aelian's 3rd century AD work Varia Historia.

Willem Lodewijk describes drilling soldiers in a similar manner to how Aelian " countermarched " his troops ; ' I have discovered ex evolutionibus is, from Aelian's discussions of drill a method of getting the musketeers and soldiers armed with harquebuses not only to keep firing very well but to do it effectively in battle order ( that is to say, they do not skirmish or use the cover of hedges ) in the following manner: as soon as the first rank has fired together, then by the drill have learned they will march to the back.

In Aelian's De natura animalium they are mistakenly mentioned, along with scorpions, as responsible for the abandoning of a country in Ethiopia.

Aelian's military treatise in fifty-three chapters on the tactics of the Greeks, titled On tactical arrays of the Greeks (), is dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian, though this is probably a mistake for Trajan, and the date 106 has been assigned to it.

Perhaps the chief value of Aelian's work lies in his critical account of preceding works on the art of war, and in the fullness of his technical details in matters of drill.

In the letter William Louis discusses the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica.

Two English translations of the Various History, by Fleming ( 1576 ) and Stanley ( 1665 ) made Aelian's miscellany available to English readers, but after 1665 no English translation appeared, until three English translations appeared almost simultaneously: James G. DeVoto, Claudius Aelianus: Ποιϰίλης Ἱοτορίας (" Varia Historia ") Chicago, 1995 ; Diane Ostrom Johnson, An English Translation of Claudius Aelianus ' " Varia Historia ", 1997 ; and N. G. Wilson, Aelian: Historical Miscellany in the Loeb Classical Library.

Literary sources are Alexander's propagandist Arrian ( Anabasis Alexandri 2. 3 ) Quintus Curtius ( 3. 1. 14 ), Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus ( 11. 7. 3 ), and Aelian's De Natura Animalium 13. 1.

In a letter to his cousin Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange dated December 8, 1594 William Louis set out ( from reading the Tactica by Aelianus Tacticus ) an argument around the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica.

Available evidence regarding the natural world, the course of history, and the varieties of human action were translated into imaginative designs or mythologies.

Certainly, he must recognize its power and attempt to ascertain its influence on the flow of history, but he must not confuse the natural and the mundane with the divine.

These registries are sponsored by 18 national medical, dental, and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance.

The great state of Texas offers metropolitan attractions such as the Dallas Fair Park with its art and natural history museums.

And in the dark days after the Great Flood of 1927 -- the worst natural disaster in the state's history -- the little plane was its sole replacement in carrying the United States mails.

Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | Cyclopaedia

Institutionally, anthropology emerged from the development of natural history ( expounded by authors such as Buffon ) that occurred during the European colonization of the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

As academic disciplines began to differentiate over the course of the nineteenth century, anthropology grew increasingly distinct from the biological approach of natural history, on the one hand, and from purely historical or literary fields such as Classics, on the other.

Astronomy, history, linguistics, and the natural sciences are among the myriad fields that have benefited from the activities of amateurs.

In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew ; but, a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.

The natural history of Africa encompasses some of the well known megafauna of that continent.

Natural history is the study and description of organisms and natural objects, especially their origins, evolution, and interrelationships.

* 1999 – A severe hailstorm strikes Sydney, Australia causing A $ 2. 3 billion in insured damages, the most costly natural disaster in Australian history.

After collecting much valuable information concerning the geography, geology, archaeology and natural history of Ethiopia, the brothers returned to France in 1848 and began to prepare their materials for publication.

For most of human history, pearls were the ultimate precious beads of natural origin because of their rarity, although the pearl-culturing process has now made them far more common.

Ulisse Aldrovandi ( 1522 – 1605 ) was considered the " father of natural history ", which included the study of plants.

Beatrix and her brother were allowed great freedoms in the country and both children became adept students of natural history.

At that time, Sloane's collection consisted of around 71, 000 objects of all kinds including some 40, 000 printed books, 7, 000 manuscripts, extensive natural history specimens including 337 volumes of dried plants, prints and drawings including those by Albrecht Dürer and antiquities from Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Ancient Near and Far East and the Americas.

The predominance of natural history, books and manuscripts began to lessen when in 1772 the Museum acquired its first antiquities of note ; Sir William Hamilton's collection of Greek vases.

The museum ’ s first notable addition towards its collection of antiquities, since its foundation, was by Sir William Hamilton ( 1730 – 1803 ), British Ambassador to Naples, who sold his collection of Greek and Roman artefacts to the museum in 1784 together with a number of other antiquities and natural history specimens.

Because of continued pressure on space the decision was taken to move natural history to a new building in South Kensington, which would later become the British Museum of Natural History.

The natural history collections were an integral part of the British Museum until their removal to the new British Museum of Natural History, now the Natural History Museum, in 1887.

Today it no longer houses collections of natural history, and the books and manuscripts it once held now form part of the independent British Library.

The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson.

On the Nature of Animals, (" On the Characteristics of Animals " is an alternative title ; usually cited, though, by its Latin title ), is a curious collection, in 17 books, of brief stories of natural history, sometimes selected with an eye to conveying allegorical moral lessons, sometimes because they are just so astonishing:

This source code is written in a programming language, which is an artificial language often more restrictive or demanding than natural languages, but easily translated by the computer.

It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use ( closer to natural language ) than machine language.

Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet.

: May 3, 1860: " Mr. Darwin has written a work which will constitute an era in geology & natural history to show that ... the descendants of common parents may become in the course of ages so unlike each other as to be entitled to rank as a distinct species, from each other or from some of their progenitors ".

Such massive violence led to a search for natural religious truthstruths that could be universally accepted, because they had been either " written in the book of Nature " or " engraved on the human mind " by God.

By definition, a and b can be written as multiples of c: a = mc and b = nc, where m and n are natural numbers.

Over time, variations have emerged, brought about by natural phonetic changes that occur over time, adaptions for local written forms with special characters or diacritics ( which are sometimes represented with the other hand ), and avoidance of handshapes that are considered obscene in some cultures.

Dyson agrees that anthropogenic global warming exists, and has written that " ne of the main causes of warming is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from our burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal and natural gas.

* The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades, by Zoologist Gerolf Steiner, purports to be a non-fictional natural history study, and was written, published, and presented as if it were an actual scientific treatise documenting the recently-extinct indigenous wildlife (" Rhinogradentia ") of the equally fictitious Hi-yi-yi archipelago.

* In a remarkably similar vein, science fiction artist and author Wayne Douglas Barlowe wrote Expedition: Being an Account in Words and Artwork of the 2358 A. D. Voyage to Darwin IV, which was a natural history study of an alien planet and its indigenous wildlife, written as though published in the year 2366.

However, alongside these demonological works, grimoires on natural magic also continued to be produced, including Magia naturalis, written by Giambattista Della Porta ( 1535 – 1615 ).

Fingal written in 1762 was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the Romantic movement in European, and especially in German, literature, influencing Herder and Goethe.

Some of the earliest ideas on how physical and mathematical processes and constraints affect biological growth, and hence natural patterns such as the spirals of phyllotaxis, were written by D ' Arcy Wentworth Thompson and Alan Turing.

The attribute tells search engines what natural language the website is written in ( e. g. English, Spanish or French ), as opposed to the coding language ( e. g. HTML ).

A natural language is typically used for communication, and may be spoken, signed, or written.

In a sense, written language should be distinguished from natural language.

George Forster, who had been on Cook ’ s second voyage to the Pacific and had been with him when he landed on Norfolk Island, was at the time professor of natural history at the University of Vilna ( or Vilnius ) in Polish Lithuania: Forster discussed the proposed Botany Bay colony in an article written in November 1786, “ Neuholland, und die brittische Colonie in Botany Bay ”.

The natural logarithm is generally written as ln ( x ), log < sub > e </ sub >( x ) or sometimes, if the base of e is implicit, as simply log ( x ).

Some notably successful NLP systems developed in the 1960s were SHRDLU, a natural language system working in restricted " blocks worlds " with restricted vocabularies, and ELIZA, a simulation of a Rogerian psychotherapist, written by Joseph Weizenbaum between 1964 to 1966.

Those who see biblical support for the doctrine of natural law often point to Paul's Epistle to the Romans: " For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another.

Carlyle has commented on this passage, " There can be little doubt that St Paul's words imply some conception analogous to the ' natural law ' in Cicero, a law written in men's hearts, recognized by man's reason, a law distinct from the positive law of any State, or from what St Paul recognized as the revealed law of God.

** The first transfinite ordinal number, often identified with the set of natural numbers including 0 ( sometimes written )

Most programming languages are purely textual ; they use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like written natural languages.

While syntax is commonly specified using a formal grammar, semantic definitions may be written in natural language ( e. g., as in the C language ), or a formal semantics ( e. g., as in Standard ML and Scheme specifications ).