Physically, Antarctica is divided in two by Transantarctic Mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea.

# Kerguelen (), a group of volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean, southeast of Africa, approximately equidistant between Africa, Antarctica and Australia ;

Three years after the volcano's last eruption, on 19 December 1973, the Cousteau team was filming on Deception Island, Antarctica when Michel Laval, Calypsos second in command, was struck and killed by a propeller of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.

A few meteorites were found in Antarctica between 1912 and 1964.

This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica.

New Caledonia is one of the northernmost parts of an almost entirely ( 93 %) submerged continent called Zealandia which rifted away from Antarctica between 130 and 85 million years ago ( mya ), and from Australia 85 – 60 mya.

While they were still one landmass, Zealandia and Australia combined broke away from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago.

New World Vultures are found in North and South America, Old World Vultures in Europe, Africa and Asia, meaning that between the two groups, Vultures are found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

The longest trip was the approximately to trip on a uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous, cold, and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon.

Today, Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance between year-round snow / ice preservation and complete summer melting.

In 1570 a map by Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America.

As early as 850 and 800 million years ago, a rift developed between the continental masses of present-day Australia, eastern Antarctica, India and the Congo and Kalahari cratons on one side and later Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia and the West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on the other.

* the Scotia Sea between Antarctica and South America

The world population is estimated as between one and ten million people, most of whom were hunter-gatherer communities scattered over all continents except Antarctica and Zealandia.

* 2807 BC: Suggested date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on an analysis of flood stories.

The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land.

It was often considered the only safe way to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as the Drake Passage separating Cape Horn ( the southern tip of South America ) from Antarctica is notorious for turbulent and unpredictable weather, and is frequented by icebergs and sea ice.

* Macquarie Island between Tasmania and Antarctica the subsequent tectonic plate Macquarie Ridge and junction which align northwards from the island are also named after Macquarie.

* United States Antarctic Expedition Medal, a United States award for citizens who explored Antarctica between 1939 and 1945

The Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces — Sea of Hoces — is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica.

The wide passage between Cape Horn and Livingston Island is the shortest crossing from Antarctica to the rest of the world's land.

The boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is sometimes taken to be a line drawn from Cape Horn to Snow Island north of mainland Antarctica ).

Image: Drake Passage-Lambert Azimuthal projection. png | Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces between South America and Antarctica

The upper reaches of the mountain were formed more violently, as a Sill with a tabular mass of igneous rock that has been intruded laterally between layers of older rock pushing upwards by upsurges of molten rock as the Australian continental shelf tore away from Antarctica, and separated from Gondwana over 40 million years ago.

In the narrowest sense, it only covers Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, bounded on the north by the states of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and south to the junction between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, which it is the closest continental area of Antarctica ( 1000 km ).

The crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophagus, is a true seal with a circumpolar distribution around the coast of Antarctica.

The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii, is a relatively large and abundant true seal ( family: Phocidae ) with a circumpolar distribution surrounding Antarctica.

The Ross seal ( Ommatophoca rossii ) is a true seal ( family Phocidae ) with a range confined entirely to the pack ice of Antarctica.

The ancestral Lobodontini likely diverged from its sister clade, the Mirounga ( elephant seals ) in the late Miocene to early Pliocene, when they migrated southward and diversified rapidly in relative isolation around Antarctica.

Crabeater seals have a continuous circumpolar distribution surrounding Antarctica, with only occasional sightings or strandings in the extreme southern coasts of South America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

Abbreviated as the " Antarctic Seals " agreement, the convention had the objective to promote and achieve the protection, scientific study, and rational use of Antarctic seals, and to maintain a satisfactory balance within the ecological system of Antarctica.

Crabeater seals, one of the most numerous mammals on Earth, live and reproduce in the pack ice zone around Antarctica.

The animals of Antarctica live on food they find in the sea -- not on land -- and include seabirds, seals and penguins.

Antarctica is also home to a diversity of animal life, including penguins, seals, and whales.

The ancestral Lobodontini likely diverged from its sister clade, the Mirounga ( elephant seals ) in the late Miocene to early Pliocene, when they migrated southward and diversified rapidly to form four distinct genera in relative isolation around Antarctica.

This is because the Weddell seals lives under the Antarctic sea ice in the winter adjacent to continental Antarctica by scraping the ice with its teeth.

The ancestral Lobodontini likely diverged from its sister clade, Mirounga ( elephant seals ) in the late Miocene to early Pliocene, when they migrated southward and diversified rapidly in relative isolation around Antarctica.

Oceanic models have shown that the opening of these two passages limited polar heat convergence and caused a cooling of sea surface temperatures by several degrees ; other models have shown that CO < sub > 2 </ sub > levels also played a significant role in the glaciation of Antarctica < sup >.</ sup >

Although many populated land locations on the planet now have terrestrial communications facilities ( microwave, fiber-optic ), even undersea, with more than sufficient capacity, telephony and Internet access is still available only via satellite in many places in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, as well as isolated locations that have no terrestrial facilities, such as Canada's Arctic islands, Antarctica, the far reaches of Alaska and Greenland, and ships at sea.

Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift, theoretically predicted the existence of Antarctica ( he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice ), and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier.

The book ends on a major event which is a sudden, catastrophic rise in Earth's global sea levels not caused primarily by any greenhouse effect but by the eruption of a chain of volcanoes underneath the ice of west Antarctica, disintegrating the ice sheet and displacing the fragments into the ocean.

* Gunn, B., nd, Geology The Ross Sea Dependency including Victoria-Land Ross Sea, Antarctica, Including the Ross Sea Dependency, the Sub-Antarctic Islands and sea, up to New Zealand from the Pole.

Warmer temperatures are expected to lead to more snow, which would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans.

For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise.

Areas designated common heritage of humanity under international law include the Moon, Outer Space, deep sea bed, Antarctica, the world cultural and natural heritage ( see World Heritage Convention ) and the human genome.

The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2, 835 meters ( 9301 feet ) above sea level.

The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, ( Argentine Antarctica ) and Britain ( British Antarctic Territory ), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile ( Antarctic Chilean Territory ).

" Brinicles ", underwater icicles that form around salty water sinking from sea ice, and which were seen to kill sea urchins and starfish, were observed by BBC film crews near Antarctica.

In 1989, Dr. Chapman led a privately funded scientific expedition by sea from Cape Town to Enderby Land, Antarctica, to gather information about mineral resources before the Madrid Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty made prospecting illegal on the continent.

Among the most serendipitous discoveries that the Nimbus missions made possible was that of a gaping hole in the sea ice around Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere winters of 1974-76.

Broadcast 18 November 1993, the first episode introduces the continent of Antarctica and the surrounding sea and islands, its glaciers and the icebergs that form from it.

As almost all animal inhabitants of Antarctica are forced to migrate, the sea underneath the ice still provides a home to many specially adapted fish whose cells are protected from freezing through an inherent " antifreeze ".

He received orders to travel as the Military Escort officer for a group of VIPs who were being flown to the South Pole, November 10 – 28, 1963, to activate a nuclear power plant for heat, light and sea water desalination at the United States Navy Base at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

The Submersible Capable of Under Ice Navigation and Imaging was a National Science Foundation funded research project for robotic under the sea ice for surveying and exploration in Antarctica from 2007 through 2009.

The summits and dry valleys of the TAM are some of the few places in Antarctica not covered by ice, the highest of which rise more than above sea level.

A topographic and bathymetry | bathymetric map of Antarctica without its ice sheets, assuming constant sea levels and no post-glacial rebound.

Concordia Research Station, which opened in 2005, is a research facility that was built 3, 233 m above sea level at a location called Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica.