* In 27 BC, following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the Roman Senate voted him new titles, officially becoming Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus.

A fictionalized version of this Ahenobarbus appears in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra under the name of " Enobarbus "

The final conflict was provoked by Antony, who is said to have been persuaded by his lover, the queen Cleopatra of Egypt, to retire to her land and give battle to mask his retreat ; but lack of provisions and the growing demoralization of his army would eventually account for this decision.

It was a naval engagement fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.

That occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the Triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor, and moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, thus becoming de facto stepfather to Caesarion.

In fact, Antony and Cleopatra formally elevated to power Caesarion, then thirteen years of age, in 34 BC, giving him the vague but alarming title of " King of the Kings " ( Donations of Alexandria ).

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

Octavian was not present, but at the next meeting made a reply of such a nature that the consuls both left Rome to join Antony ; and Antony, when he heard of it, after publicly divorcing Octavia, came at once to Ephesus with Cleopatra, where a vast fleet was gathered from all parts of the East, of which Cleopatra furnished a large proportion.

But, by the publication of Antony's will, which had been put into his hands by the traitor Plancus, and by carefully letting it be known at Rome what preparations were going on at Samos, and how entirely Antony was acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31, for which he had been designated, and a vote for a proclamation of war against Cleopatra, well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named.

Antony foresaw that he would not be able to defeat Octavian's forces, so he and Cleopatra stayed in the rear of the formation.

Antony seized the opportunity and with Cleopatra on her ship and him on a different ship, sped through the gap and escaped, abandoning his entire force.

Mark Antony then tried to flee from the battle, and as a result of a communication breakdown, came to believe that Cleopatra had been captured, and hence committed suicide.

Cleopatra VII ( 69 – 30 BC ) was the last pharaoh of Egypt, famed lover of Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.

* Cleopatra Selene II ( 40 – 5 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony

He also played a role in a tour of Antony and Cleopatra, produced by the actress Katharine Cornell in 1946.

The phrase " gaudy night " is taken from Shakespeare's Antony & Cleopatra:

Herod originally leased Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony gave it to her as a gift.

Mark Antony supposedly gave Cleopatra over 200, 000 scrolls ( taken from the great Library of Pergamum ) for the library as a wedding gift, but this is regarded by some historians as a propagandist claim meant to show Antony's allegiance to Egypt rather than Rome.

:: Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra I. v

"-William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra ' Act I, sc.

It is one of several Roman plays that Shakespeare wrote, based on true events from Roman history, which also include Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra.

In 1984 the Riverside Shakespeare Company of New York City produced a modern dress Julius Caesar set in contemporary Washington, called simply CAESAR !, starring Harold Scott as Brutus, Herman Petras as Caesar, Marya Lowry as Portia, Robert Walsh as Antony, and Michael Cook as Cassius, directed by W. Stuart McDowell at The Shakespeare Center.

Antony and Cleopatra is a tragedy by William Shakespeare.

Many critics have noted the strong influence of Virgil ’ s first century Roman epic poem, the Aeneid, on Shakespeare ’ s Antony and Cleopatra.

Given the well-established traditional connections between the fictional Dido and Aeneas and the historical Antony and Cleopatra, it is no surprise that Shakespeare includes numerous allusions to Virgil ’ s epic in his historical tragedy.

As Janet Adelman observes, “ almost all the central elements in Antony and Cleopatra are to be found in the Aeneid: the opposing values of Rome and a foreign passion ; the political necessity of a passionless Roman marriage ; the concept of an afterlife in which the passionate lovers meet .” However, as Heather James argues, Shakespeare ’ s allusions to Virgil ’ s Dido and Aeneas are far from slavish imitations.

James emphasizes the various ways in which Shakespeare ’ s play subverts the ideology of the Virgilian tradition ; one such instance of this subversion is Cleopatra ’ s dream of Antony in Act 5 (“ I dreamt there was an Emperor Antony ” ).

James argues that in her extended description of this dream, Cleopatra “ reconstructs the heroic masculinity of an Antony whose identity has been fragmented and scattered by Roman opinion .” This politically charged dream vision is just one example of the way that Shakespeare ’ s version of the historical tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra destabilizes and potentially critiques the imperialist Roman ideology inherited from Virgil ’ s epic and embodied in the mythic Roman ancestor Aeneas.

These constant shifts in the perception of Cleopatra are well represented in a review of Estelle Parsons ’ adaptation of Shakespeare ’ s Antony and Cleopatra at the Interart Theatre in New York City.

Feminist theory, in respect to Antony and Cleopatra, often looks at Shakespeare ’ s use of language when describing Rome and Egypt.

Through his language, he tends to characterize Rome as “ masculine ” and Egypt as “ feminine .” According to Gayle Greene, “ the ‘ feminine ’ world of love and personal relationships is secondary to the ‘ masculine ’ world of war and politics, has kept us from realizing that Cleopatra is the play ’ s protagonist, and so skewed our perceptions of character, theme, and structure .” The highlighting of these starkly contrasting qualities of the two backdrops of Antony and Cleopatra, in both Shakespeare ’ s language and the words of critics, brings attention to the characterization of the title characters, since their respective countries are meant to represent and emphasize their attributes.

In their first exchange in Act I, scene 1, Cleopatra says to Antony, “ I ’ ll set a bourn how far to be beloved .” In this case Cleopatra speaks in an authoritative and affirming sense to her lover, which to Shakespeare ’ s audience would be uncharacteristic for a female lover.

If Shakespeare had indeed intended for Antony to crossdress, it would have drawn even more similarities between Antony and Hercules, a comparison that many scholars have noted many times before.

Shakespeare critics argue that the metatheatrical references in Antony and Cleopatra seem to critique this trend, and the presentation of Cleopatra as a sexually empowered individual supports their argument that Shakespeare seems to be questioning the oppression of female sexuality in London society.

Shakespeare ’ s audience may have made the connection between England ’ s westward expansion and Antony and Cleopatra ’ s convoluted picture of Roman imperialism.

In support of the reading of Shakespeare ’ s play as subversive, it has also been argued that 16th century audiences would have interpreted Antony and Cleopatra ’ s depiction of different models of government as exposing inherent weaknesses in an absolutist, imperial, and by extension monarchical, political state.

Many scholars suggest that Shakespeare possessed an extensive knowledge of the story of Antony and Cleopatra through the historian Plutarch, and used Plutarch ’ s account as a blueprint for his own play.

Cleopatra uses language to undermine Antony ’ s assumed authority over her.

There are numerous examples of reverse psychology in fiction, cinema, and cartoons, including William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar where Mark Antony uses reverse psychology to get the town's people to cause a riot.

According to Cicero, Fadia bore Antony several children.

Through his daughter by Cleopatra, Antony would become ancestor to the royal family of Mauretania, another Roman client kingdom, while through his sole surviving son Iullus, he would be ancestor to several famous Roman statesmen.

At the end of the civil war against Mark Antony, Augustus was left with around fifty legions, with several double counts ( multiple Legio Xs for instance ).

It was later adapted for radio astronomy leading to Nobel Prizes for Physics for Antony Hewish and Martin Ryle after several large phased arrays were developed at the University of Cambridge.

Relations between Antony and Octavian, disintegrating for several years, finally broke down in 33 BC, and Octavian convinced the Senate to levy war against Egypt.

Historical facts are also sometimes changed: in Plutarch Antony's final defeat was many weeks after the battle of Actium, and Octavia lived with Antony for several years and bore him two children: Antonia Major, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero and maternal grandmother of the Empress Valeria Messalina, and Antonia Minor, the sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger.

In more recent years, critics have taken a closer look at previous readings of Antony and Cleopatra and have found several aspects overlooked.

Antony offered battle several times, but the Liberators were not lured to leave their defensive stand.

However, his Master of the Horse Marc Antony fired up his troops and after several attempts broke Libo's blockade and managed to make it north of Caesar's position.

The road played a vital role in several key moments in Roman history: the armies of Julius Caesar and Pompey marched along the Via Egnatia during Caesar's civil war, and during the Liberators ' civil war Mark Antony and Octavian pursued Cassius and Brutus along the Via Appia to their fateful meeting at the Battle of Philippi.

It came after the month of July, named after his granduncle, adopted father, and predecessor, Julius Caesar, and secondly because of several fortunate events that occurred in Augustus ' life during this month: the Battle of Pharsalus, his first admission to the consulship, his triple triumph, and the deaths of Cleopatra and Mark Antony.

His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two reached a boiling point.

Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400 light-year region around the Galactic Center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation.

Gyllenhaal has performed in several other plays, including The Tempest, Antony and Cleopatra, The Butterfly Project, and No Exit.

He brought new works by Antony Tudor to the company, as well as guaranteeing the survival of several of Bronislava Nijinska's ballets by having her mount Les noces and Les biches.

After the House of Lords Act 1999 passed, several hereditary peers of the first creation, who had not inherited their titles but would still be excluded from the House of Lords by the Act, were created life peers: Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington ; Frederick James Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale ; Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford and 1st Baron Pakenham ; and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon.

During production of the nineteenth season, Bidmead decided to move on and was replaced as script editor, first on a temporary basis by Antony Root and then on a more permanent basis by Eric Saward, who remained in the role for several years.

Over the years it ran there were a number of books written around the characters, several authored in whole or part by Jonquil Antony, the most important scriptwriter at the beginning and for many years.

Work presented in 2002 by Antony Stark and Chris Martin mapping the gas density in a 400 light year region around the Milky Way's galactic center has revealed an accumulating ring with a mass several million times that of the Sun and near the critical density for star formation.

" Addressing the top officials from several ministries and organizations, Antony said Aero India-2009 should be conducted in such a manner that it provides a benchmark for similar shows being organized in various parts of the world ," the official said.

Marc Antony was the man who scaled Aristobulus ' fortification and subdued his forces with several men.

It follows Looney Tunes characters Sylvester and Tweety Bird, and their owner Granny, along with bulldog Hector ( who appeared in several cartoons alongside Tweety, Sylvester and Granny but was in the series given a new design similar to that of Marc Antony ), as they solved mysteries, even with Sylvester still trying to eat Tweety in the middle of solving the mysteries, but Hector acted as a bodyguard for Tweety, and would even beat Sylvester up ( usually out of shot, but sometimes behind a blind ).