In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the Latin translations of the 12th century, the effect of which was to help initiate the European Renaissance.

A mercury clock, described in the Libros del saber, a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works, is sometimes quoted as evidence for Muslim knowledge of a mechanical clock.

Resolution of these scholarly questions remained very difficult so long as no complete version of the Diatessaron in Syriac or Greek had been recovered ; while the medieval translations that had survived — in Arabic and Latin — both relied on texts that had been heavily corrected to conform better with later canonical versions of the separate Gospel texts.

His Almagest was written in Greek and only translated into Latin in the 11th century from Arabic translations.

As a result some texts of Galen exist only in Arabic translation, while others exist only in medieval Latin translations of the Arabic.

After 750 AD, Muslims had these Syrian Christians make the first translations of Galen into Arabic.

One of the Arabic translations, ‘ Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz ’, which is extant in the Library of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, is regarded as a masterpiece of Galen's literary works.

In addition to the more numerous translations of Arabic texts in this period, there were a few translations of Galenic works directly from the Greek, such as Burgundio of Pisa's translation of De complexionibus.

Awareness of ancient works re-entered the West through translations from Arabic to Latin.

Until the 12th century brought translations from Arabic sources, Isidore transmitted what western Europeans remembered of the works of Aristotle and other Greeks, although he understood only a limited amount of Greek.

Graetz even goes to the length of regarding Anatoli as identical with the Jew Andreas, who, according to Roger Bacon, assisted Michael Scot in his philosophic translations from the Arabic, seeing that Andreas might be a corruption of Anatoli.

The Libro de juegos manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts.

The visual trope portrayed in the Libro de juegos miniatures is seen in other European transcriptions of the Arabic translations, most notably the German Carmina Burana Manuscript: two figures, one on either side of the board, with the board tilted up to reveal to the readers the moves made by the players.

Most of the work accomplished in Alfonso ’ s scriptorium consisted of translations into the Castilian vernacular from Arabic translations of Greek texts or classical Jewish medicinal texts.

This enormous focus on translation was perhaps an attempt by Alfonso to continue the legacy of academic openness in Castile, initiated by Islamic rulers in Córdoba, where the emirates had also employed armies of translators in order to fill their libraries with Arabic translations of classic Greek texts.

He read those Greek philosophers accessible in Arabic translations, and was deeply immersed in the sciences and learning of Islamic culture.

For two centuries Euclid had been taught from two Latin translations taken from an Arabic source ; these contained errors in Book V, the Eudoxian theory of proportion, which rendered it unusable.

The ancient Hebrew versions identified the Hebrew " a girt one of the loins " of Proverbs 30: 31 as a rooster, " which most of the old translations and Rabbis understood to be a fighting cock ", with also the Arabic sarsar or sirsir being an onomatopoeticon or onomatopoeia for rooster ( alektor ) as the Hebrew zarzir of Proverbs 30: 31.

The name " abjad " is derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.

The name " abjad " ( ) is derived from pronouncing the first letters of the Arabic alphabet in order.

Abdul is a common Arabic name component ( but never a name by itself ; additionally the ending-ul and the beginning Al-are redundant ), but Alhazred may allude to Hazard, a pun on the book's destructive and dangerous nature, or a reference to Lovecraft's ancestors by that name.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Abdul Alhazred is not a real Arabic name, and seems to contain the Arabic definite article morpheme al-twice in a row ( anomalous in terms of Arabic grammar ).

However Abdul is a common Arabic prefix meaning " Servant of the " and " Al " is Arabic for " the ", and if " hazra " means " he prohibited ", " he fenced in " or " Great Lord ", then the name would mean " Servant of the Prohibited ", " Servant of the Fenced in ", or " Servant of the Great Lord " which would make sense considering his role, even if it is not a proper Arabic name.

The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly from the Afar language, in which Ardi means " ground / floor " ( borrowed from the Semitic root in either Amharic or Arabic ) and ramid means " root ".

The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris.

In Arabic, the name ' Abd Allah ' means " servant of Allah ".

Arabic numerals is the conventional name for the entire family of related systems of Arabic and Indian numerals.

The name of the group is derived from the Arabic ابو, abu (" father of ") and sayyaf (" Swordsmith ").

The Latin name Aelia is the source of the Arabic term Iliyā ' ( إلياء ), an early Islamic name for Jerusalem.

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

) While Rotokas has a small alphabet because it has few phonemes to represent ( just eleven ), Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been conflated — that is, the graphic distinctions had been lost over time, and diacritics were not developed to compensate for this as they were in Arabic, another script that lost many of its distinct letter shapes.

Its author is a renowned expert in Greek and Arabic medicine who has paid considerable attention to Avicenna in his recent studies [...].

Beirut has, in recent years, also become a major center of Arabic music.

Arabic literature spans for over two millennium, it has three phases, the pre-Islamic, Islamic and modern.

It has been claimed that in reading Arabic, the human brain processes Arabic script differently than alphabets, using mainly the left hemisphere, not both.

The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters.

For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as and have the same basic shape, but has one dot below,, and has two dots above,.

" William F. Albright notes the pronunciation of the name remained essentially the same for 3, 500 years, but has meant different things: "' Temple of the God Lakhmu ' in Canaanite, ' House of Bread ' in Hebrew and Aramaic, ' House of Flesh ' in Arabic.

Brahui is the only Dravidian language which has not been written in a Brahmi-based script in the recent past ; instead, it is written in the Arabic script.

They were once used by Chinese mathematicians, and later in Chinese markets, such as those in Hong Kong before the 1990s, but has been gradually supplanted by the Arabic numerals.

Libyan Arabic apparently has three such sounds.

In Lebanon, the right-wing Guardians of the Cedars, a fiercely nationalistic ( mainly Christian ) political party which opposes the country's ties to the Arab world, is agitating for " Lebanese " to be recognized as a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect, and has even advocated replacing the Arabic alphabet with a revival of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, which lacks a number of characters to write typical Arabic phonemes present in Lebanese, and lost by Phoenician ( and Hebrew ) in the second millennium BC.

* Arabic has several romanisations, depending on the type of the application, region, intended audience, country, etc.

" As president he advocated a policy change to allow gay personnel to serve openly in the armed forces, stating that the U. S. government has spent millions of dollars replacing troops expelled from the military, including language experts fluent in Arabic, because of DADT.

For instance, the second word of the Arabic name of the festival, has the root F-Ṣ-Ḥ, which given the sound laws applicable to Arabic is cognate to Hebrew P-S-Ḥ, with " Ḥ " realized as in Modern Hebrew and in Arabic.